Chapter 62: Camera2 Pipeline Deep Dive¶

"The Camera2 API is one of the most hardware-intimate APIs in Android -- a request-result pipeline that pushes configuration, metadata, and pixel buffers through three process boundaries and into vendor silicon within a single frame deadline."

The camera subsystem is among the most complex and performance-critical pipelines in AOSP. A single photo capture can involve dozens of metadata keys, multiple output surfaces, 3A (auto-exposure, auto-focus, auto-white-balance) convergence loops, hardware ISP configuration, and multi-frame noise-reduction -- all orchestrated across Java framework code, a native C++ CameraService, AIDL/HIDL HAL interfaces, and vendor silicon.

This chapter traces the entire path from the application-facing CameraManager down through CameraService, Camera3Device, the camera HAL, and back up through CaptureResult delivery. Every class, callback, and thread mentioned here is annotated with the exact AOSP source file where it lives.

62.1 Camera2 Architecture¶

62.1.1 The Four-Layer Stack¶

The Camera2 subsystem spans four layers:

Framework Java -- android.hardware.camera2.*. Applications interact with CameraManager, CameraDevice, CameraCaptureSession, CaptureRequest, and CaptureResult.
Camera Service (C++) -- CameraService, CameraDeviceClient, and Camera3Device in frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/. This native service runs as the media.camera Binder service, manages client connections, enforces permissions, and drives the HAL.
Camera HAL -- The vendor-supplied ICameraDevice / ICameraDeviceSession implementation (AIDL or HIDL). The HAL translates Camera2 capture requests into hardware ISP register writes.
Hardware ISP / Sensor -- The actual image signal processor and sensor silicon.

Source paths (key files):
  CameraManager ........... frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraManager.java
  CameraDevice ............ frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraDevice.java
  CameraCaptureSession .... frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCaptureSession.java
  CaptureRequest .......... frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CaptureRequest.java
  CaptureResult ........... frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CaptureResult.java
  CameraCharacteristics ... frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCharacteristics.java
  CameraDeviceImpl ........ frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraDeviceImpl.java
  CameraService.cpp ....... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraService.cpp
  CameraService.h ......... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraService.h
  CameraDeviceClient ...... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/CameraDeviceClient.cpp
  Camera3Device ........... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.cpp
  Camera3Device.h ......... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.h
  Camera3OutputStream ..... frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3OutputStream.cpp

62.1.2 End-to-End Architecture Diagram¶

graph TD
    subgraph "Application Process"
        APP[Application Code]
        CM[CameraManager]
        CD[CameraDevice]
        CCS[CameraCaptureSession]
        CR[CaptureRequest.Builder]
        IR[ImageReader / SurfaceTexture]
    end

    subgraph "system_server / cameraserver Process"
        CS["CameraService<br/>media.camera Binder"]
        CDC["CameraDeviceClient<br/>api2/"]
        C3D["Camera3Device<br/>device3/"]
        C3OS[Camera3OutputStream]
        RT[RequestThread]
        FP[FrameProcessorBase]
    end

    subgraph "Camera HAL Process"
        HAL["ICameraDeviceSession<br/>AIDL/HIDL HAL"]
        ISP[Image Signal Processor]
    end

    subgraph "Hardware"
        SENSOR[Camera Sensor Module]
    end

    APP --> CM
    CM -->|openCamera| CS
    CS -->|creates| CDC
    CDC -->|owns| C3D
    CD -->|createCaptureSession| CDC
    CCS -->|capture / setRepeatingRequest| CDC
    CR -->|metadata| CDC
    CDC -->|submitRequest| RT
    RT -->|processCaptureRequest| HAL
    HAL --> ISP
    ISP --> SENSOR
    SENSOR -->|raw data| ISP
    ISP -->|processed frames| HAL
    HAL -->|buffers + metadata| C3D
    C3D --> C3OS
    C3OS -->|buffer queue| IR
    C3D --> FP
    FP -->|CaptureResult| CD

62.1.3 CameraManager -- The Entry Point¶

CameraManager is the system service that applications obtain via Context.getSystemService(Context.CAMERA_SERVICE). It is annotated with @SystemService(Context.CAMERA_SERVICE) in the source.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraManager.java

Key responsibilities:

Method	Purpose
`getCameraIdList()`	Returns String array of available camera IDs
`getCameraCharacteristics(id)`	Returns static metadata for a camera
`openCamera(id, callback, handler)`	Opens a camera device asynchronously
`registerAvailabilityCallback()`	Notifies when cameras become available/unavailable
`getConcurrentCameraIds()`	Returns sets of camera IDs that can operate simultaneously

Internally, CameraManager obtains a reference to ICameraService via ServiceManager.getService("media.camera") and caches it:

// Simplified from CameraManager.java
private ICameraService getCameraServiceLocked() {
    IBinder cameraServiceBinder = ServiceManager.getService("media.camera");
    ICameraService cameraService = ICameraService.Stub.asInterface(cameraServiceBinder);
    // Register a listener for device status changes
    cameraService.addListener(mCameraServiceListener);
    return cameraService;
}

The CameraManager maintains three internal caches:

Device ID cache -- The list of camera IDs, updated via ICameraServiceListener.onStatusChanged() callbacks.
Characteristics cache -- CameraCharacteristics objects keyed by camera ID, populated lazily on first getCameraCharacteristics() call.
Multi-resolution configuration cache -- Maps logical camera IDs to physical camera stream configurations, cached because the computation requires many Binder calls.

62.1.4 CameraDevice -- The Device Handle¶

CameraDevice is an abstract class representing an opened camera. The concrete implementation is CameraDeviceImpl in the impl/ package.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraDevice.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraDeviceImpl.java

CameraDevice defines the request template constants used to create pre-configured capture requests:

Template Constant	Value	Use Case
`TEMPLATE_PREVIEW`	1	Preview with high frame rate priority
`TEMPLATE_STILL_CAPTURE`	2	Still image with quality priority
`TEMPLATE_RECORD`	3	Video recording with stable frame rate
`TEMPLATE_VIDEO_SNAPSHOT`	4	Still image during video recording
`TEMPLATE_ZERO_SHUTTER_LAG`	5	ZSL capture
`TEMPLATE_MANUAL`	6	Manual control with all auto disabled

The StateCallback abstract inner class provides the lifecycle notifications:

stateDiagram-v2
    [*] --> Opening: openCamera
    Opening --> Opened: onOpened
    Opening --> Error: onError
    Opened --> Configured: createCaptureSession
    Configured --> Capturing: capture / setRepeatingRequest
    Capturing --> Configured: stopRepeating
    Configured --> Disconnected: onDisconnected
    Capturing --> Disconnected: onDisconnected
    Opened --> Closed: close
    Configured --> Closed: close
    Capturing --> Closed: close
    Disconnected --> Closed: close
    Error --> Closed: close
    Closed --> [*]

62.1.5 CameraDeviceImpl -- The Java-Side Implementation¶

CameraDeviceImpl is the concrete implementation of the abstract CameraDevice class. It lives in the application process and communicates with CameraDeviceClient in the camera service via the ICameraDeviceUser Binder interface.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraDeviceImpl.java

Key internal components:

Component	Purpose
`ICameraDeviceUser mRemoteDevice`	Binder proxy to CameraDeviceClient
`FrameNumberTracker mFrameNumberTracker`	Orders result delivery
`SparseArray<CaptureCallbackHolder> mCaptureCallbackMap`	Maps sequence IDs to callbacks
`RequestLastFrameNumbersHolder`	Tracks last frame number per request type
`CameraDeviceCallbacks`	Inner class receiving results from service

The CameraDeviceCallbacks inner class implements the ICameraDeviceCallbacks AIDL interface and is the primary result delivery path. When the camera service completes processing a frame, it invokes methods on this callback object:

// Simplified from CameraDeviceImpl.CameraDeviceCallbacks
public class CameraDeviceCallbacks extends ICameraDeviceCallbacks.Stub {

    @Override
    public void onResultReceived(CameraMetadataNative result,
            CaptureResultExtras resultExtras,
            PhysicalCaptureResultInfo[] physicalResults) {
        // Match result to pending request using frame number
        // Deliver partial or total result to application callback
    }

    @Override
    public void onCaptureStarted(CaptureResultExtras resultExtras,
            long timestamp) {
        // Deliver shutter callback to application
    }

    @Override
    public void onDeviceError(int errorCode, CaptureResultExtras resultExtras) {
        // Handle device errors, notify StateCallback
    }
}

62.1.6 Hardware Support Levels¶

The Camera2 API defines hardware support levels that indicate what features a device can provide. These are queried via CameraCharacteristics.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL:

Level	Description
`LEGACY`	Backward compatibility mode with minimal Camera2 support
`LIMITED`	Roughly equivalent to the deprecated Camera API
`EXTERNAL`	Removable camera (e.g., USB), slightly less than LIMITED
`FULL`	Full Camera2 feature set (manual control, per-frame control, RAW)
`LEVEL_3`	YUV reprocessing + RAW + full manual + all of FULL

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCharacteristics.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraMetadata.java

62.1.7 CameraCaptureSession -- The Configured Pipeline¶

A CameraCaptureSession represents a configured set of output surfaces. Creating a session is expensive (hundreds of milliseconds) because the camera device must configure its internal pipelines and allocate memory buffers.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCaptureSession.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraCaptureSessionImpl.java

The session provides two modes of capture submission:

Single capture -- capture(CaptureRequest, CaptureCallback, Handler). Submits one request; used for still photos.
Repeating request -- setRepeatingRequest(CaptureRequest, CaptureCallback, Handler). The request is re-submitted continuously until stopRepeating() is called or a new repeating request replaces it. Used for preview and video.

The session also supports:

Burst capture -- captureBurst(List<CaptureRequest>, ...) submits multiple requests atomically.
Buffer pre-allocation -- prepare(Surface) pre-allocates output buffers to avoid first-frame allocation latency.

Session lifecycle callbacks:

stateDiagram-v2
    [*] --> Configuring: createCaptureSession
    Configuring --> Configured: onConfigured
    Configuring --> Failed: onConfigureFailed
    Configured --> Active: capture/setRepeatingRequest
    Active --> Ready: onReady - all requests processed
    Ready --> Active: new capture submitted
    Active --> Closed: close / new session created
    Ready --> Closed: close / new session created
    Configured --> Closed: close
    Failed --> [*]
    Closed --> [*]

62.1.8 Session Configuration via OutputConfiguration¶

Starting with API 24, sessions are configured using SessionConfiguration and OutputConfiguration objects that provide more control over how output streams are set up:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/params/OutputConfiguration.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/params/SessionConfiguration.java

OutputConfiguration supports:

Feature	Method	Purpose
Surface sharing	`enableSurfaceSharing()`	Multiple consumers on one stream
Physical camera	`setPhysicalCameraId()`	Route stream to specific physical camera
Deferred surface	Constructor with `Size` + `Class`	Configure stream before Surface exists
Group ID	`OutputConfiguration(int, Surface)`	Group related outputs

SessionConfiguration wraps the complete configuration:

// Example: Creating a SessionConfiguration
List<OutputConfiguration> outputs = new ArrayList<>();
outputs.add(new OutputConfiguration(previewSurface));
outputs.add(new OutputConfiguration(imageReaderSurface));

SessionConfiguration config = new SessionConfiguration(
    SessionConfiguration.SESSION_REGULAR,  // or SESSION_HIGH_SPEED
    outputs,
    executor,
    stateCallback
);

cameraDevice.createCaptureSession(config);

62.2 CameraService Internals¶

62.2.1 CameraService -- The Native Gatekeeper¶

CameraService is the central native service that mediates all camera access. It runs in its own process (cameraserver) and is registered with the service manager under the name "media.camera".

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraService.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraService.cpp

The class hierarchy:

classDiagram
    class BinderService~CameraService~ {
        +getServiceName() "media.camera"
        +instantiate()
    }
    class BnCameraService {
        <<AIDL generated>>
        +getNumberOfCameras()
        +getCameraInfo()
        +connectDevice()
        +addListener()
    }
    class CameraProviderManager_StatusListener {
        <<interface>>
        +onDeviceStatusChanged()
        +onTorchStatusChanged()
        +onNewProviderRegistered()
    }
    class CameraService {
        -mServiceLock : Mutex
        -mCameraStates : map~String,CameraState~
        -mActiveClientManager : ClientManager
        -mCameraProviderManager : CameraProviderManager
        +connectDevice()
        +makeClient()
        +handleEvictionsLocked()
    }
    class BasicClient {
        #mCameraIdStr : String
        #mCameraFacing : int
        +initialize()
        +disconnect()
    }
    class CameraDeviceClient {
        -mDevice : Camera3Device
        +submitRequestList()
        +beginConfigure()
        +endConfigure()
        +createStream()
        +deleteStream()
    }

    BinderService~CameraService~ <|-- CameraService
    BnCameraService <|-- CameraService
    CameraProviderManager_StatusListener <|-- CameraService
    CameraService --> BasicClient
    BasicClient <|-- CameraDeviceClient
    CameraDeviceClient --> Camera3Device

62.2.2 Service Startup and Provider Registration¶

When cameraserver starts, CameraService enumerates camera providers through CameraProviderManager. The provider manager discovers camera HAL implementations via the VINTF manifest and establishes connections:

sequenceDiagram
    participant CS as CameraService
    participant CPM as CameraProviderManager
    participant SM as ServiceManager
    participant HAL as ICameraProvider (HAL)

    CS->>CPM: initialize()
    CPM->>SM: Get ICameraProvider instances
    SM-->>CPM: Provider references
    CPM->>HAL: setCallback(listener)
    CPM->>HAL: getCameraIdList()
    HAL-->>CPM: Camera IDs
    loop For each camera
        CPM->>HAL: getCameraDeviceInterface(id)
        CPM->>HAL: getCameraCharacteristics(id)
    end
    CPM-->>CS: onNewProviderRegistered()
    CS->>CS: updateCameraNumAndIds()

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/common/CameraProviderManager.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/common/CameraProviderManager.cpp

62.2.3 Client Connection and Eviction¶

When an application calls CameraManager.openCamera(), the Java framework connects to CameraService via AIDL. The service performs several checks and may evict existing camera clients:

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant CM as CameraManager (Java)
    participant CS as CameraService (C++)
    participant CDC as CameraDeviceClient
    participant C3D as Camera3Device

    App->>CM: openCamera(cameraId, callback, handler)
    CM->>CS: connectDevice(cameraId, ...)
    CS->>CS: validateConnectLocked() — permission/policy checks
    CS->>CS: handleEvictionsLocked() — evict lower priority
    CS->>CS: makeClient() — create CameraDeviceClient
    CS->>CDC: initialize()
    CDC->>C3D: initialize(providerManager)
    C3D->>C3D: Open HAL device session
    CS-->>CM: ICameraDeviceUser binder
    CM->>CM: Create CameraDeviceImpl wrapper
    CM-->>App: StateCallback.onOpened(CameraDevice)

The eviction policy is priority-based:

Priority Level	Description
Foreground activity	Highest priority
Foreground service	High priority
Persistent system process	High priority
Top activity (not focused)	Medium priority
Visible activity	Medium priority
Background process	Lowest priority

When a higher-priority client requests a camera already in use, the ClientManager evicts the lower-priority client. The evicted client receives CameraDevice.StateCallback.onDisconnected().

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/utils/ClientManager.h

62.2.4 CameraDeviceClient -- The API2 Entry Point¶

CameraDeviceClient is the per-client object that implements the ICameraDeviceUser AIDL interface. It receives capture requests from the Java framework and translates them into Camera3Device operations.

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/CameraDeviceClient.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/CameraDeviceClient.cpp

Key operations:

AIDL Method	CameraDeviceClient Method	Description
`submitRequestList`	`submitRequestList()`	Submit capture/repeating requests
`beginConfigure`	`beginConfigure()`	Start stream configuration
`endConfigure`	`endConfigure()`	Finalize stream configuration
`createStream`	`createStream()`	Create a new output stream
`deleteStream`	`deleteStream()`	Remove an output stream
`waitUntilIdle`	`waitUntilIdle()`	Block until pipeline drains
`flush`	`flush()`	Abort all pending requests

62.2.5 Camera3Device -- The HAL Interface Driver¶

Camera3Device is the core engine that manages the Camera HAL v3+ interface. It translates framework requests into HAL capture requests and routes HAL results back to the framework.

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.cpp

Camera3Device inherits from CameraDeviceBase and implements multiple interfaces:

// From Camera3Device.h
class Camera3Device :
    public CameraDeviceBase,
    public camera3::SetErrorInterface,
    public camera3::InflightRequestUpdateInterface,
    public camera3::RequestBufferInterface,
    public camera3::FlushBufferInterface,
    public AttributionAndPermissionUtilsEncapsulator {
  friend class HidlCamera3Device;
  friend class AidlCamera3Device;
  // ...
};

It has two transport-specific subclasses:

HidlCamera3Device -- for HIDL-based camera HALs
AidlCamera3Device -- for AIDL-based camera HALs

62.2.6 Camera3Device Internal Threads¶

Camera3Device operates several internal threads:

graph LR
    subgraph C3T["Camera3Device Threads"]
        RT["RequestThread<br/>Submits requests to HAL"]
        FP["FrameProcessorBase<br/>Processes result metadata"]
        ST["StatusTracker<br/>Tracks component readiness"]
    end

    subgraph C3S["Camera3Device State"]
        IFR["InFlightRequest Map<br/>frame_number -> request info"]
        SQ["RequestQueue<br/>Pending requests"]
        STREAMS["Stream Map<br/>stream_id -> Camera3Stream"]
    end

    RT -->|dequeue| SQ
    RT -->|processCaptureRequest| HAL[Camera HAL]
    HAL -->|processCaptureResult| FP
    FP -->|update| IFR
    FP -->|notify callback| CDC[CameraDeviceClient]
    ST -->|track| STREAMS

RequestThread is the most critical thread. It runs in a loop:

Dequeues the next CaptureRequest from the request queue
Applies any per-frame metadata overrides (3A settings, crop region, etc.)
Applies stream configuration mappers (distortion correction, zoom ratio, rotate-and-crop)
Calls processCaptureRequest() on the HAL interface
Tracks the request in the InFlightRequest map

FrameProcessorBase runs in a separate thread and processes results returned by the HAL:

Receives partial and final CaptureResult metadata
Matches results to in-flight requests using frame numbers
Delivers results to CameraDeviceClient which forwards them to Java

StatusTracker monitors the readiness of all streams and the HAL. It coalesces status updates to avoid thrashing the "idle" / "active" state.

62.2.7 Metadata Mappers¶

Camera3Device applies several metadata mappers that transform coordinates and values between the application coordinate space and the HAL coordinate space:

Mapper	Source File	Purpose
`DistortionMapper`	`device3/DistortionMapper.cpp`	Corrects for lens distortion in metadata
`ZoomRatioMapper`	`device3/ZoomRatioMapper.cpp`	Translates zoom ratio to crop region
`RotateAndCropMapper`	`device3/RotateAndCropMapper.cpp`	Adjusts metadata for rotate-and-crop
`UHRCropAndMeteringRegionMapper`	`device3/UHRCropAndMeteringRegionMapper.cpp`	Ultra-high-resolution crop mapping

These mappers are applied in order during both request submission (converting app coordinates to HAL coordinates) and result delivery (converting HAL coordinates back to app coordinates).

62.2.8 CameraProviderManager -- HAL Discovery¶

CameraProviderManager is responsible for discovering, connecting to, and managing camera HAL provider services. It maintains the mapping between camera IDs and their underlying HAL implementations.

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/common/CameraProviderManager.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/common/CameraProviderManager.cpp

The provider manager handles both AIDL and HIDL HAL providers:

graph TD
    subgraph CameraProviderManager
        CPM[CameraProviderManager]
        PH["ProviderInfo<br/>Per-provider state"]
        DH["DeviceInfo3<br/>Per-device metadata"]
    end

    subgraph AIDLP["AIDL Provider"]
        AP["ICameraProvider<br/>AIDL HAL"]
        AD1["ICameraDevice<br/>Camera 0"]
        AD2["ICameraDevice<br/>Camera 1"]
    end

    subgraph HIDLP["HIDL Provider"]
        HP["ICameraProvider@2.7<br/>HIDL HAL"]
        HD1["ICameraDevice@3.7<br/>Camera 2"]
    end

    CPM --> PH
    PH --> DH
    PH --> AP
    AP --> AD1
    AP --> AD2
    PH --> HP
    HP --> HD1

For each discovered camera, the provider manager caches:

Camera characteristics -- Static metadata (sensor size, capabilities, etc.)
Resource cost -- An integer indicating the resource consumption of this camera
Conflicting devices -- Other cameras that cannot operate simultaneously
System camera kind -- PUBLIC, SYSTEM_ONLY_CAMERA, or HIDDEN_SECURE_CAMERA

62.2.9 Camera Flash Control¶

CameraFlashlight manages the camera flashlight (torch mode) independently of the camera capture pipeline:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraFlashlight.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraFlashlight.cpp

Torch mode is controlled through CameraManager.setTorchMode() in the framework, which translates to CameraService::setTorchMode(). The torch can be enabled without opening the camera device.

When a camera device is opened by an application, any active torch on that camera is automatically turned off (since the ISP takes control of the flash LED).

62.2.10 CameraService Watchdog¶

CameraServiceWatchdog is a dedicated thread that monitors camera operations for timeouts. If a camera HAL call takes longer than the configured timeout, the watchdog can trigger recovery actions:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraServiceWatchdog.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/CameraServiceWatchdog.cpp

The watchdog helps detect and recover from vendor HAL hangs, which are one of the most common sources of camera failures on production devices.

62.3 Capture Pipeline¶

62.3.1 The Request-Result Model¶

Camera2 uses a fully asynchronous request-result pipeline. Every frame captured by the camera is the result of a CaptureRequest submitted by the application. The application never "pulls" frames -- it configures the desired output parameters and the camera pushes results back.

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant CDI as CameraDeviceImpl (Java)
    participant CDC as CameraDeviceClient (C++)
    participant RT as RequestThread
    participant HAL as Camera HAL
    participant FP as FrameProcessor

    Note over App,HAL: Request Path (App → HAL)
    App->>CDI: capture(request, callback)
    CDI->>CDI: Assign sequence number
    CDI->>CDC: submitRequestList(requests, streaming)
    CDC->>CDC: Validate targets, convert metadata
    CDC->>RT: Enqueue request
    RT->>RT: Apply metadata mappers
    RT->>HAL: processCaptureRequest(request)

    Note over App,HAL: Result Path (HAL → App)
    HAL-->>FP: processCaptureResult(result) [partial]
    FP-->>CDI: onCaptureProgressed(partialResult)
    CDI-->>App: CaptureCallback.onCaptureProgressed()
    HAL-->>FP: processCaptureResult(result) [final]
    HAL-->>FP: notify(shutter) — timestamp
    FP-->>CDI: onCaptureStarted(timestamp)
    CDI-->>App: CaptureCallback.onCaptureStarted()
    FP-->>CDI: onCaptureCompleted(totalResult)
    CDI-->>App: CaptureCallback.onCaptureCompleted()

62.3.2 CaptureRequest in Detail¶

A CaptureRequest is an immutable bundle of:

Target Surfaces -- The output surfaces that should receive image data for this request.
Metadata Keys -- Hundreds of camera control parameters.
Tag -- An optional application-defined tag for tracking.
Physical Camera Settings -- Per-physical-camera overrides for logical multi-camera devices.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CaptureRequest.java

The CaptureRequest.Builder is obtained from CameraDevice:

// Creating a capture request
CaptureRequest.Builder builder = cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(
    CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_STILL_CAPTURE
);
builder.addTarget(imageReaderSurface);
builder.set(CaptureRequest.CONTROL_AE_MODE, CameraMetadata.CONTROL_AE_MODE_ON);
builder.set(CaptureRequest.JPEG_QUALITY, (byte) 95);
builder.set(CaptureRequest.JPEG_ORIENTATION, orientation);
CaptureRequest request = builder.build();

Key metadata categories in CaptureRequest:

Category	Example Keys	Description
3A Control	`CONTROL_AE_MODE`, `CONTROL_AF_MODE`, `CONTROL_AWB_MODE`	Auto-exposure, focus, white balance
Sensor	`SENSOR_EXPOSURE_TIME`, `SENSOR_SENSITIVITY`	Direct sensor control (manual mode)
Lens	`LENS_FOCAL_LENGTH`, `LENS_FOCUS_DISTANCE`, `LENS_APERTURE`	Lens control
Scaler	`SCALER_CROP_REGION`, `CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO`	Crop and zoom
Flash	`FLASH_MODE`, `CONTROL_AE_PRECAPTURE_TRIGGER`	Flash control
JPEG	`JPEG_QUALITY`, `JPEG_ORIENTATION`, `JPEG_THUMBNAIL_SIZE`	JPEG encoding parameters
Noise Reduction	`NOISE_REDUCTION_MODE`	Noise reduction level
Edge Enhancement	`EDGE_MODE`	Sharpening control
Color Correction	`COLOR_CORRECTION_MODE`, `COLOR_CORRECTION_TRANSFORM`	Color processing
Tonemap	`TONEMAP_MODE`, `TONEMAP_CURVE`	Tone mapping control

62.3.3 CaptureResult in Detail¶

A CaptureResult contains the actual settings used by the camera device for a particular frame, plus additional read-only metadata about the capture:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CaptureResult.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/TotalCaptureResult.java

The distinction between result types:

Type	Class	Description
Partial	`CaptureResult`	Subset of result metadata, delivered early
Total	`TotalCaptureResult`	Complete result with all available metadata

Partial results allow applications to receive critical metadata (like 3A state) before the full result is ready, reducing perceived latency.

Key read-only result metadata:

Key	Description
`SENSOR_TIMESTAMP`	Exact timestamp of frame start-of-exposure
`SENSOR_EXPOSURE_TIME`	Actual exposure time used
`SENSOR_SENSITIVITY`	Actual ISO used
`CONTROL_AE_STATE`	AE convergence state (SEARCHING/CONVERGED/LOCKED)
`CONTROL_AF_STATE`	AF convergence state
`CONTROL_AWB_STATE`	AWB convergence state
`LENS_STATE`	STATIONARY or MOVING
`STATISTICS_FACES`	Detected face rectangles, scores, IDs
`STATISTICS_LENS_SHADING_MAP`	Per-channel lens shading correction map

62.3.4 Frame Number Tracking¶

Every request submitted through the pipeline is assigned a monotonically increasing frame number. This number ties together:

The CaptureRequest submitted by the application
The HAL processCaptureRequest call
The shutter notification (notify(SHUTTER, frameNumber, timestamp))
The CaptureResult metadata
The output image buffers

CameraDeviceImpl maintains a FrameNumberTracker that ensures results are delivered to the application in order:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/FrameNumberTracker.java

graph LR
    subgraph FNF["Frame Number Flow"]
        REQ["CaptureRequest<br/>frame_number = N"]
        HAL_REQ["HAL processCaptureRequest<br/>frame_number = N"]
        SHUTTER["notify SHUTTER<br/>frame_number = N, timestamp T"]
        PARTIAL["processCaptureResult<br/>frame_number = N, partial"]
        TOTAL["processCaptureResult<br/>frame_number = N, final"]
        BUFFER["Output buffer<br/>frame_number = N"]
    end

    REQ --> HAL_REQ
    HAL_REQ --> SHUTTER
    HAL_REQ --> PARTIAL
    PARTIAL --> TOTAL
    HAL_REQ --> BUFFER

62.3.5 3A Convergence Loop¶

One of the most critical aspects of the capture pipeline is the 3A convergence loop -- the process by which auto-exposure (AE), auto-focus (AF), and auto-white-balance (AWB) algorithms reach stable settings before a photo is taken.

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant CS as CameraService
    participant HAL as Camera HAL

    Note over App,HAL: Pre-capture sequence for still photo

    App->>CS: setRepeatingRequest(preview, AF_TRIGGER=START)
    loop AF convergence
        CS->>HAL: processCaptureRequest (AF_TRIGGER=START)
        HAL-->>CS: CaptureResult (AF_STATE=ACTIVE_SCAN)
        CS-->>App: onCaptureCompleted (AF_STATE=ACTIVE_SCAN)
    end
    HAL-->>CS: CaptureResult (AF_STATE=FOCUSED_LOCKED)
    CS-->>App: onCaptureCompleted (AF_STATE=FOCUSED_LOCKED)

    App->>CS: capture(still, AE_PRECAPTURE_TRIGGER=START)
    loop AE convergence
        HAL-->>CS: CaptureResult (AE_STATE=PRECAPTURE)
        CS-->>App: AE_STATE=PRECAPTURE
    end
    HAL-->>CS: CaptureResult (AE_STATE=CONVERGED)
    CS-->>App: AE_STATE=CONVERGED

    App->>CS: capture(still, AF_TRIGGER=IDLE, AE_LOCK=true)
    HAL-->>CS: Shutter + Result + JPEG buffer
    CS-->>App: onCaptureCompleted + JPEG in ImageReader

The 3A state machines are defined in CameraMetadata:

AF State Machine:

State	Meaning
`INACTIVE`	AF is not doing anything
`PASSIVE_SCAN`	Continuous AF is scanning
`PASSIVE_FOCUSED`	Continuous AF has focused
`PASSIVE_UNFOCUSED`	Continuous AF cannot find focus
`ACTIVE_SCAN`	Triggered AF scan in progress
`FOCUSED_LOCKED`	AF locked on target
`NOT_FOCUSED_LOCKED`	AF failed to focus, locked

AE State Machine:

State	Meaning
`INACTIVE`	AE is not active
`SEARCHING`	AE is converging
`CONVERGED`	AE has settled on exposure
`LOCKED`	AE is locked (user request)
`FLASH_REQUIRED`	Scene is too dark, needs flash
`PRECAPTURE`	Pre-capture metering in progress

62.3.6 In-Flight Request Management¶

Camera3Device maintains an InFlightRequest map that tracks every request currently being processed by the HAL:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/InFlightRequest.h

Each InFlightRequest stores:

Frame number -- The unique identifier
Request metadata -- The original CaptureRequest settings
Output buffer tracking -- Which buffers have been returned
Result metadata -- Accumulated partial + final metadata
Shutter timestamp -- When the sensor exposure began
Error state -- Whether any errors occurred

An in-flight request is removed from the map only when all of the following have been received:

Shutter notification
All partial result metadata
Final result metadata
All output buffers

62.3.7 The HAL Contract¶

The camera HAL must satisfy a strict ordering contract:

Shutter notifications must arrive in frame-number order
Result metadata can arrive in any order (partial results may arrive before or after the shutter notification)
Output buffers may arrive in any order, but the HAL should prioritize returning preview buffers to minimize display latency
The HAL must return all outputs for frame N before accepting frame N + maxPipelineDepth

Source: hardware/interfaces/camera/device/aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ICameraDeviceSession.aidl

62.3.8 Reprocessing¶

Camera2 supports reprocessing -- sending a previously captured image back through the ISP for additional processing (e.g., ZSL capture):

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant CS as CameraService
    participant HAL as Camera HAL

    Note over App,HAL: Phase 1 — Capture ZSL buffer
    App->>CS: setRepeatingRequest(ZSL template)
    CS->>HAL: processCaptureRequest → ZSL output stream
    HAL-->>App: ZSL Image in ImageReader

    Note over App,HAL: Phase 2 — Reprocess
    App->>App: User taps shutter
    App->>CS: createReprocessCaptureRequest(inputResult)
    App->>CS: capture(reprocessRequest) with input Image
    CS->>HAL: processCaptureRequest (isReprocess=true)
    HAL->>HAL: Re-run ISP with better NR/HDR settings
    HAL-->>App: High-quality JPEG output

The key requirement is a reprocessable capture session, created with CameraDevice.createReprocessableCaptureSession(). This session has both an input configuration (for receiving frames to reprocess) and output configurations (for the reprocessed results).

62.3.9 DNG Raw Capture¶

Camera2 supports capturing DNG (Digital Negative) raw images for professional photography workflows:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/DngCreator.java

// Check RAW capability
int[] capabilities = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES);
boolean hasRaw = Arrays.stream(capabilities)
    .anyMatch(c -> c == CameraMetadata.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_RAW);

if (hasRaw) {
    // Get RAW output sizes
    StreamConfigurationMap map = characteristics.get(
        CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);
    Size[] rawSizes = map.getOutputSizes(ImageFormat.RAW_SENSOR);

    // Create ImageReader for RAW
    ImageReader rawReader = ImageReader.newInstance(
        rawSizes[0].getWidth(), rawSizes[0].getHeight(),
        ImageFormat.RAW_SENSOR, 2);

    // After capturing, create DNG file
    DngCreator dngCreator = new DngCreator(characteristics, captureResult);
    dngCreator.setOrientation(ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_NORMAL);
    dngCreator.setDescription("AOSP Camera2 RAW capture");
    // Write DNG to output stream
    dngCreator.writeImage(outputStream, rawImage);
    dngCreator.close();
}

DngCreator embeds the camera calibration data, lens correction profiles, color matrices, and noise model from CameraCharacteristics and CaptureResult into the DNG file. This enables desktop RAW processors (Lightroom, RawTherapee) to correctly develop the image.

62.3.10 JPEG/R HDR Photos¶

Android 14 introduced JPEG/R (also called Ultra HDR), which embeds an HDR gain map inside a standard JPEG file. The camera service implements this through JpegRCompositeStream:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/JpegRCompositeStream.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/JpegRCompositeStream.cpp

graph LR
    subgraph CHO["Camera HAL Output"]
        YUV["YUV Frame<br/>HDR content"]
        SDR["JPEG Frame<br/>SDR content"]
    end

    subgraph JpegRCompositeStream
        GM["Gain Map<br/>Generator"]
        ENC["JPEG/R<br/>Encoder"]
    end

    subgraph Application
        IR["ImageReader<br/>JPEG_R format"]
    end

    YUV --> GM
    SDR --> GM
    GM --> ENC
    ENC --> IR

The JPEG/R file is backward-compatible: devices that don't understand HDR display the SDR JPEG, while HDR-capable displays use the gain map to reconstruct the full HDR content.

62.3.11 Flush and Idle¶

Applications can drain the pipeline using two mechanisms:

flush() -- Aborts all pending and in-progress requests as quickly as possible. Partially completed requests return with error status. Used when switching modes or closing the camera.
waitUntilIdle() -- Blocks until all submitted requests have completed normally. Cannot be called while a repeating request is active.

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.cpp
  → Camera3Device::flush()
  → Camera3Device::waitUntilStateThenRelock()

62.4 Image Streams¶

62.4.1 Stream Architecture¶

Camera2 delivers image data through streams. Each stream is backed by a BufferQueue (producer-consumer pair) and is represented by a Camera3Stream subclass in the camera service:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Stream.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Stream.cpp
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3OutputStream.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3OutputStream.cpp
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3InputStream.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3InputStream.cpp

Stream types:

classDiagram
    class Camera3StreamInterface {
        <<interface>>
        +getId() int
        +getWidth() uint32_t
        +getHeight() uint32_t
        +getFormat() int
        +getOriginalDataSpace() android_dataspace
    }
    class Camera3IOStreamBase {
        #mTotalBufferCount: size_t
        #mHandoutTotalBufferCount: size_t
        #mHandoutOutputBufferCount: size_t
    }
    class Camera3OutputStream {
        -mConsumer: IGraphicBufferProducer
        +returnBufferLocked()
        +queueBufferToConsumer()
    }
    class Camera3InputStream {
        -mProducer: IGraphicBufferConsumer
        +getInputBufferLocked()
        +returnInputBufferLocked()
    }
    class Camera3SharedOutputStream {
        -mSurfaces: vector~IGraphicBufferProducer~
        +switchSurface()
    }

    Camera3StreamInterface <|-- Camera3IOStreamBase
    Camera3IOStreamBase <|-- Camera3OutputStream
    Camera3IOStreamBase <|-- Camera3InputStream
    Camera3OutputStream <|-- Camera3SharedOutputStream

62.4.2 ImageReader¶

ImageReader is the primary mechanism for applications to receive camera image data for processing (as opposed to display):

// Creating an ImageReader for JPEG capture
ImageReader imageReader = ImageReader.newInstance(
    4032, 3024,        // width x height
    ImageFormat.JPEG,  // format
    2                  // maxImages
);

imageReader.setOnImageAvailableListener(reader -> {
    Image image = reader.acquireLatestImage();
    if (image != null) {
        ByteBuffer buffer = image.getPlanes()[0].getBuffer();
        byte[] jpegBytes = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
        buffer.get(jpegBytes);
        // Save JPEG bytes
        image.close();
    }
}, backgroundHandler);

ImageReader supports multiple pixel formats:

Format	`ImageFormat` Constant	Use Case
JPEG	`JPEG`	Compressed still photos
YUV_420_888	`YUV_420_888`	Flexible YUV for analysis
RAW_SENSOR	`RAW_SENSOR`	Bayer-pattern raw data
RAW10	`RAW10`	10-bit packed raw
DEPTH16	`DEPTH16`	Depth maps
DEPTH_POINT_CLOUD	`DEPTH_POINT_CLOUD`	Point cloud data
HEIC	`HEIC`	HEIF-encoded still photos
JPEG_R	`JPEG_R`	JPEG with embedded gain map (HDR)
PRIVATE	`PRIVATE`	Opaque format for preview/video

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/media/ImageReader.java
        frameworks/base/core/jni/android_media_ImageReader.cpp

62.4.3 SurfaceTexture for Preview¶

For camera preview, applications typically use SurfaceTexture (accessed via TextureView) or SurfaceView. The camera streams frames in PRIVATE format, which the GPU can composite directly:

graph LR
    subgraph CS["Camera Service"]
        C3OS[Camera3OutputStream]
    end
    subgraph BufferQueue
        BQ["BufferQueue<br/>IGraphicBufferProducer ↔ IGraphicBufferConsumer"]
    end
    subgraph AP["Application Process"]
        ST["SurfaceTexture<br/>GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES"]
        TV[TextureView / SurfaceView]
    end
    subgraph SurfaceFlinger
        SF[Display Composition]
    end

    C3OS -->|dequeueBuffer / queueBuffer| BQ
    BQ -->|acquireBuffer| ST
    ST -->|updateTexImage| TV
    TV --> SF

The preview stream uses the PRIVATE format because:

The exact pixel layout is device-specific (GPU-optimized)
No CPU access is needed -- pixels go directly from ISP to display
It avoids the overhead of format conversion

62.4.4 Multiple Simultaneous Streams¶

Camera2 supports multiple simultaneous output streams. The guaranteed stream combinations depend on the hardware level. For a FULL device, the minimum guaranteed combinations include:

Preview	Still Capture	Recording	Analysis
`PRIVATE/MAXIMUM`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`	`JPEG/MAXIMUM`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`	`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`	`YUV/PREVIEW`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`	`JPEG/MAXIMUM`		`YUV/PREVIEW`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`		`PRIVATE/MAXIMUM`
`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`	`JPEG/MAXIMUM`	`PRIVATE/PREVIEW`

Applications can query the exact supported combinations via CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP:

StreamConfigurationMap map = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);

// Get supported output sizes for JPEG
Size[] jpegSizes = map.getOutputSizes(ImageFormat.JPEG);

// Get supported output sizes for preview
Size[] previewSizes = map.getOutputSizes(SurfaceTexture.class);

// Get minimum frame duration for a specific size+format
long minDuration = map.getOutputMinFrameDuration(ImageFormat.JPEG, jpegSizes[0]);

62.4.5 High Speed Capture¶

Camera2 supports high-speed video capture (120fps or 240fps) through CameraConstrainedHighSpeedCaptureSession:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraConstrainedHighSpeedCaptureSession.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraConstrainedHighSpeedCaptureSessionImpl.java

High-speed sessions have significant constraints:

Constraint	Description
Max 2 output surfaces	Preview + recording only
Fixed FPS range	Must use one of the advertised high-speed FPS ranges
No per-frame control	Most metadata settings are fixed across the burst
No still capture	Cannot capture JPEG during high-speed recording
Batch requests	Multiple requests submitted as a single batch

// Query high-speed capabilities
StreamConfigurationMap map = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);
Size[] highSpeedSizes = map.getHighSpeedVideoSizes();

for (Size size : highSpeedSizes) {
    Range<Integer>[] fpsRanges =
        map.getHighSpeedVideoFpsRangesFor(size);
    for (Range<Integer> range : fpsRanges) {
        // e.g., Range(120, 120) or Range(240, 240)
        System.out.println(size + " @ " + range + " fps");
    }
}

// Create high-speed session
SessionConfiguration config = new SessionConfiguration(
    SessionConfiguration.SESSION_HIGH_SPEED,
    outputs,
    executor,
    stateCallback
);
cameraDevice.createCaptureSession(config);

The createHighSpeedRequestList() method generates a batch of requests that the HAL processes as a group, enabling the high frame rate:

CaptureRequest.Builder builder =
    cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_RECORD);
builder.addTarget(previewSurface);
builder.addTarget(recorderSurface);

// This creates a batch of requests for high-speed capture
CameraConstrainedHighSpeedCaptureSession highSpeedSession =
    (CameraConstrainedHighSpeedCaptureSession) session;
List<CaptureRequest> highSpeedRequests =
    highSpeedSession.createHighSpeedRequestList(builder.build());

highSpeedSession.setRepeatingBurst(highSpeedRequests, callback, handler);

62.4.6 Stream Use Cases (Android 13+)¶

Android 13 introduced StreamUseCase -- a hint that helps the camera HAL optimize stream configuration:

Use Case	Constant	Optimization
Default	`DEFAULT`	No specific optimization
Preview	`PREVIEW`	Optimized for display
Still Capture	`STILL_CAPTURE`	Optimized for quality
Video Record	`VIDEO_RECORD`	Optimized for encoding
Preview Video Still	`PREVIEW_VIDEO_STILL`	Balanced for all three
Video Call	`VIDEO_CALL`	Optimized for conferencing
Cropped RAW	`CROPPED_RAW`	RAW with crop applied

62.4.7 Buffer Management¶

Camera3Device includes a Camera3BufferManager that provides two buffer management strategies:

Source: frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3BufferManager.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3BufferManager.cpp

Framework-managed buffers (traditional):

The camera service allocates buffers and provides them to the HAL
Camera3OutputStream.getBufferLocked() dequeues from the consumer
The service controls buffer allocation timing

HAL-managed buffers (modern):

The HAL requests buffers on demand via requestStreamBuffers()
Reduces buffer allocation overhead
Allows the HAL to optimize buffer usage across streams

sequenceDiagram
    participant RT as RequestThread
    participant OS as Camera3OutputStream
    participant BQ as BufferQueue
    participant HAL as Camera HAL

    alt Framework-managed buffers
        RT->>OS: getBufferLocked()
        OS->>BQ: dequeueBuffer()
        BQ-->>OS: GraphicBuffer
        RT->>HAL: processCaptureRequest(request + buffer)
        HAL-->>RT: processCaptureResult(result + buffer)
        RT->>OS: returnBufferLocked(buffer)
        OS->>BQ: queueBuffer(buffer)
    else HAL-managed buffers
        RT->>HAL: processCaptureRequest(request, no buffer)
        HAL->>RT: requestStreamBuffers(streamId, count)
        RT->>OS: getBufferLocked()
        OS->>BQ: dequeueBuffer()
        BQ-->>RT: GraphicBuffer
        RT-->>HAL: buffers
        HAL-->>RT: processCaptureResult(result + buffer)
        RT->>OS: returnBufferLocked(buffer)
        OS->>BQ: queueBuffer(buffer)
    end

62.4.8 Composite Streams¶

The camera service implements several composite streams that perform additional processing on HAL output before delivering to the application:

Composite Stream	Source File	Description
`DepthCompositeStream`	`api2/DepthCompositeStream.cpp`	Combines depth + color for dynamic depth JPEG
`HeicCompositeStream`	`api2/HeicCompositeStream.cpp`	Encodes HEIC using MediaCodec
`JpegRCompositeStream`	`api2/JpegRCompositeStream.cpp`	Creates JPEG/R (HDR photo with gain map)

These composite streams are transparent to the application -- the app requests a normal HEIC or DEPTH_JPEG output, and the camera service internally sets up the composite processing pipeline.

62.5 Multi-Camera¶

62.5.1 Logical Camera Architecture¶

Starting with Android 9 (API 28), Camera2 introduced the logical multi-camera model. A logical camera is a virtual camera backed by two or more physical cameras:

graph TD
    subgraph LCI["Logical Camera ID 0"]
        LC["Logical Camera<br/>CameraCharacteristics"]
    end

    subgraph PCS["Physical Cameras"]
        PC0["Physical Camera 2<br/>Wide Angle"]
        PC1["Physical Camera 3<br/>Ultra-Wide"]
        PC2["Physical Camera 4<br/>Telephoto"]
    end

    LC --> PC0
    LC --> PC1
    LC --> PC2

    subgraph AV["Application View"]
        APP["Application sees<br/>Camera ID 0<br/>with zoom range 0.5x - 10x"]
    end

    APP --> LC

The logical camera:

Has its own CameraCharacteristics that represent the combined capabilities
Automatically switches between physical cameras based on zoom ratio
Handles ISP transitions, white balance matching, and exposure synchronization

// Query physical camera IDs
Set<String> physicalCameraIds = characteristics.getPhysicalCameraIds();
// Returns e.g., {"2", "3", "4"}

// Check if this is a logical multi-camera
int[] capabilities = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES);
boolean isLogicalMultiCamera = Arrays.stream(capabilities)
    .anyMatch(c -> c == CameraMetadata.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA);

62.5.2 Physical Camera Access¶

Applications can access individual physical cameras through the logical camera for specialized use cases:

// Route a specific stream to a physical camera
OutputConfiguration ultraWideConfig = new OutputConfiguration(ultraWideSurface);
ultraWideConfig.setPhysicalCameraId("3");  // Ultra-wide physical camera

OutputConfiguration teleConfig = new OutputConfiguration(teleSurface);
teleConfig.setPhysicalCameraId("4");  // Telephoto physical camera

SessionConfiguration sessionConfig = new SessionConfiguration(
    SessionConfiguration.SESSION_REGULAR,
    Arrays.asList(ultraWideConfig, teleConfig),
    executor, stateCallback
);

Physical camera result metadata is accessed through TotalCaptureResult:

// Get the result for a specific physical camera
CaptureResult physicalResult = totalResult.getPhysicalCameraResults().get("3");
if (physicalResult != null) {
    Long timestamp = physicalResult.get(CaptureResult.SENSOR_TIMESTAMP);
}

62.5.3 Camera Characteristics for Multi-Camera¶

The CameraCharacteristics for a logical camera includes keys that describe the multi-camera relationship:

Key	Description
`LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_PHYSICAL_IDS`	Set of physical camera IDs
`LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_SENSOR_SYNC_TYPE`	APPROXIMATE or CALIBRATED sync
`LENS_POSE_REFERENCE`	Coordinate origin (PRIMARY_CAMERA or UNDEFINED)
`LENS_POSE_ROTATION`	Rotation relative to reference
`LENS_POSE_TRANSLATION`	Translation relative to reference
`LENS_INTRINSIC_CALIBRATION`	Focal length and principal point
`LENS_DISTORTION`	Radial and tangential distortion coefficients

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCharacteristics.java

62.5.4 Multi-Resolution Streams¶

For logical multi-cameras where physical cameras have different maximum resolutions, MultiResolutionImageReader provides a unified interface:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/MultiResolutionImageReader.java

// Get multi-resolution stream configurations
MultiResolutionStreamConfigurationMap multiResMap = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_MULTI_RESOLUTION_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);

Collection<MultiResolutionStreamInfo> streams =
    multiResMap.getOutputInfo(ImageFormat.JPEG);

// Create a MultiResolutionImageReader
MultiResolutionImageReader multiResReader =
    new MultiResolutionImageReader(streams, ImageFormat.JPEG, 2);

multiResReader.setOnImageAvailableListener(reader -> {
    Image image = reader.acquireNextImage();
    // Image size may vary depending on which physical camera was active
    image.close();
}, handler);

62.5.5 Physical Camera Streams at the HAL Level¶

When physical camera streams are requested, the camera service configures the HAL with annotated stream configurations:

graph TD
    subgraph AR["Application Requests"]
        R1["OutputConfiguration<br/>Surface A → Physical Camera 2"]
        R2["OutputConfiguration<br/>Surface B → Physical Camera 4"]
        R3["OutputConfiguration<br/>Surface C → Logical Camera"]
    end

    subgraph Camera3Device
        SC["Stream Configuration<br/>configureStreams()"]
    end

    subgraph HP["HAL Processing"]
        PS1["Physical Stream 1<br/>physicalCameraId = 2<br/>Wide angle sensor"]
        PS2["Physical Stream 2<br/>physicalCameraId = 4<br/>Telephoto sensor"]
        LS["Logical Stream<br/>No physicalCameraId<br/>Auto-selected sensor"]
    end

    R1 --> SC
    R2 --> SC
    R3 --> SC
    SC --> PS1
    SC --> PS2
    SC --> LS

The HAL receives StreamConfiguration entries with the physicalCameraId field set for physical streams. The HAL is responsible for:

Routing each stream to the correct physical sensor
Synchronizing exposures across physical cameras when LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_SENSOR_SYNC_TYPE is CALIBRATED
Applying per-physical-camera metadata overrides
Color-matching outputs from different sensors

62.5.6 Camera Pose and Calibration¶

For augmented reality and computational photography applications, the multi-camera framework provides precise geometric calibration data:

Characteristic Key	Type	Description
`LENS_POSE_ROTATION`	float[4]	Quaternion rotation relative to reference
`LENS_POSE_TRANSLATION`	float[3]	Translation in meters
`LENS_POSE_REFERENCE`	int	PRIMARY_CAMERA, GYROSCOPE, or UNDEFINED
`LENS_INTRINSIC_CALIBRATION`	float[5]	fx, fy, cx, cy, s (focal, principal, skew)
`LENS_DISTORTION`	float[6]	Radial k1-k3 and tangential p1-p2 + k4
`LENS_RADIAL_DISTORTION`	float[6]	Deprecated -- use LENS_DISTORTION

These values enable applications to:

Compute depth from stereo camera pairs
Project 3D points onto camera images
Correct lens distortion in software
Align images from different physical cameras

62.5.7 Concurrent Camera Access¶

Android 11 (API 30) introduced concurrent camera access, allowing applications to open multiple cameras simultaneously:

// Query which cameras can operate concurrently
Set<Set<String>> concurrentCameraIds = cameraManager.getConcurrentCameraIds();
// e.g., {{"0", "1"}} means front+back can be open simultaneously

// Check if a specific configuration is supported
boolean supported = cameraManager.isConcurrentSessionConfigurationSupported(
    Map.of(
        "0", sessionConfig0,  // Back camera config
        "1", sessionConfig1   // Front camera config
    )
);

62.5.8 Multi-Camera Data Flow¶

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant LC as Logical Camera (Camera3Device)
    participant PHY_W as Physical Camera 2 (Wide)
    participant PHY_UW as Physical Camera 3 (Ultra-Wide)
    participant PHY_T as Physical Camera 4 (Telephoto)

    App->>LC: setRepeatingRequest(request, zoomRatio=1.0)
    LC->>PHY_W: processCaptureRequest (active camera)
    PHY_W-->>LC: processCaptureResult + buffers
    LC-->>App: CaptureResult (ACTIVE_PHYSICAL_ID = "2")

    Note over App,PHY_T: User zooms to 5x
    App->>LC: setRepeatingRequest(request, zoomRatio=5.0)
    LC->>LC: Switch to telephoto
    LC->>PHY_T: processCaptureRequest
    PHY_T-->>LC: processCaptureResult + buffers
    LC-->>App: CaptureResult (ACTIVE_PHYSICAL_ID = "4")

62.5.9 Camera Offline Session¶

Android 11 introduced CameraOfflineSession, which allows an application to disconnect from the camera device while preserving in-flight capture requests. This is useful for long-running multi-frame captures (like night mode) where the application wants to release the camera for other apps:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraOfflineSession.java
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3OfflineSession.h
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3OfflineSession.cpp
        frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/CameraOfflineSessionClient.h

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant Session as CameraCaptureSession
    participant Offline as CameraOfflineSession
    participant CS as CameraService
    participant HAL as Camera HAL

    App->>Session: capture(nightModeRequest)
    Note over App,HAL: Multi-frame capture begins

    App->>Session: switchToOffline(surfacesToKeep, executor, callback)
    Session->>CS: switchToOffline(outputConfigs)
    CS->>HAL: switchToOffline(streamsToKeep)
    HAL-->>CS: ICameraOfflineSession handle
    CS-->>Session: CameraOfflineSession
    Session-->>App: CameraOfflineSessionCallback.onReady()

    Note over App: Camera device is now free for other apps

    HAL->>HAL: Continue processing multi-frame capture
    HAL-->>CS: processCaptureResult (frame completed)
    CS-->>Offline: Result delivered
    Offline-->>App: onCaptureCompleted()
    Offline-->>App: CameraOfflineSessionCallback.onIdle()

62.6 Camera Extensions¶

62.6.1 Extensions Architecture¶

Camera Extensions (introduced in Android 12, CameraExtensionSession) provide access to device-specific image processing algorithms that go beyond standard Camera2 capabilities. Extensions typically use multi-frame capture and sophisticated post-processing.

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraExtensionSession.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraExtensionCharacteristics.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraAdvancedExtensionSessionImpl.java
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/impl/CameraExtensionSessionImpl.java

62.6.2 Supported Extension Types¶

Extension Type	Constant	Description
Night Mode	`EXTENSION_NIGHT`	Multi-frame low-light enhancement
HDR	`EXTENSION_HDR`	High dynamic range merging
Bokeh	`EXTENSION_BOKEH`	Background blur / portrait mode
Auto	`EXTENSION_AUTOMATIC`	Device-selected best mode
Face Retouch	`EXTENSION_FACE_RETOUCH`	Skin smoothing and beautification
Eyes Free Videography	`EXTENSION_EYES_FREE_VIDEOGRAPHY`	Stabilized hands-free video

// Query supported extensions
CameraExtensionCharacteristics extChars =
    cameraManager.getCameraExtensionCharacteristics(cameraId);

List<Integer> supportedExtensions = extChars.getSupportedExtensions();
for (int extension : supportedExtensions) {
    // Get supported sizes for this extension
    List<Size> sizes = extChars.getExtensionSupportedSizes(
        extension, ImageFormat.JPEG);
}

62.6.3 Extension Session Lifecycle¶

Creating an extension session replaces the standard CameraCaptureSession:

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant CDI as CameraDeviceImpl
    participant EXT as CameraExtensionSessionImpl
    participant HAL as Extension HAL Service

    App->>CDI: createExtensionSession(config)
    CDI->>EXT: Create extension session
    EXT->>HAL: Bind to extension service
    HAL-->>EXT: IAdvancedExtenderImpl / IImageCaptureExtenderImpl
    EXT->>EXT: Configure internal capture session
    EXT-->>App: StateCallback.onConfigured(CameraExtensionSession)

    App->>EXT: setRepeatingRequest(request, callback)
    EXT->>EXT: Translate to internal Camera2 requests
    EXT->>HAL: Process frames through extension pipeline
    HAL-->>EXT: Processed output
    EXT-->>App: ExtensionCaptureCallback.onCaptureProcessStarted()

    App->>EXT: capture(request, callback)
    Note over EXT,HAL: Multi-frame burst capture
    EXT->>HAL: Capture N frames
    HAL->>HAL: Post-process (NR, HDR, etc.)
    HAL-->>EXT: Final processed image
    EXT-->>App: ExtensionCaptureCallback.onCaptureResultAvailable()

62.6.4 Extension Implementation Architecture¶

Extensions have two implementation models:

Basic Extender (legacy):

Uses IImageCaptureExtenderImpl and IPreviewExtenderImpl
Framework manages the capture pipeline
Extension processes individual frames

Advanced Extender (modern):

Uses IAdvancedExtenderImpl
Extension controls the entire camera pipeline
Can issue its own capture requests
More flexible, preferred for complex algorithms

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/extension/IAdvancedExtenderImpl.aidl
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/extension/IImageCaptureExtenderImpl.aidl
        frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/extension/IPreviewExtenderImpl.aidl

62.6.5 Extension Proxy Service¶

Camera extensions are delivered by OEM-provided APKs that expose their functionality through a proxy service:

Source: frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/extension/ICameraExtensionsProxyService.aidl

The extension discovery process:

graph TD
    A[CameraExtensionCharacteristics] -->|bind to| B[ICameraExtensionsProxyService]
    B -->|query| C{Extension Type?}
    C -->|Advanced| D[IAdvancedExtenderImpl]
    C -->|Basic| E["IImageCaptureExtenderImpl<br/>+ IPreviewExtenderImpl"]
    D -->|isExtensionAvailable| F[Check hardware capability]
    E -->|isExtensionAvailable| F
    F -->|true| G[Extension available]
    F -->|false| H[Extension unavailable]

62.6.6 Extension Capture Callbacks¶

CameraExtensionSession.ExtensionCaptureCallback provides extension-specific lifecycle callbacks:

ExtensionCaptureCallback callback = new ExtensionCaptureCallback() {
    @Override
    public void onCaptureStarted(CameraExtensionSession session,
            CaptureRequest request, long timestamp) {
        // Shutter moment -- play sound, update UI
    }

    @Override
    public void onCaptureProcessStarted(CameraExtensionSession session,
            CaptureRequest request) {
        // Multi-frame capture complete, post-processing has begun
        // This is when the extension algorithm starts running
    }

    @Override
    public void onCaptureFailed(CameraExtensionSession session,
            CaptureRequest request) {
        // Extension capture failed
    }

    @Override
    public void onCaptureResultAvailable(CameraExtensionSession session,
            CaptureRequest request, TotalCaptureResult result) {
        // Result metadata available (API 34+)
    }
};

62.6.7 Extension Metadata Support¶

Starting with Android 14, extensions can report and accept a subset of Camera2 metadata keys:

// Query supported request keys for an extension
Set<CaptureRequest.Key> requestKeys =
    extChars.getAvailableCaptureRequestKeys(EXTENSION_NIGHT);

// Query available result keys
Set<CaptureResult.Key> resultKeys =
    extChars.getAvailableCaptureResultKeys(EXTENSION_NIGHT);

// Extensions may support keys like:
// - CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO
// - CONTROL_AF_MODE
// - CONTROL_AE_MODE
// - JPEG_QUALITY
// - JPEG_ORIENTATION

62.6.8 Extension Strength Control (Android 15+)¶

Android 15 added extension strength control, allowing applications to adjust the intensity of extension effects:

// Check if strength control is supported
if (extChars.isPostviewAvailable(
        CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_BOKEH)) {

    // Query supported strength range
    Range<Integer> strengthRange =
        extChars.getExtensionSpecificStrengthRange(
            CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_BOKEH);
    // e.g., Range(0, 100) where 0 = no effect, 100 = maximum

    // Apply strength to capture request
    CaptureRequest.Builder builder =
        cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_STILL_CAPTURE);
    builder.set(CaptureRequest.EXTENSION_STRENGTH, 75);  // 75% bokeh
}

62.6.9 Extension Postview¶

Postview provides a quick, lower-resolution preview image while the extension processes the full-resolution output:

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Application
    participant EXT as CameraExtensionSession
    participant HAL as Extension HAL

    App->>EXT: capture(request)
    EXT->>HAL: Begin multi-frame capture
    HAL-->>EXT: Postview image (quick, lower quality)
    EXT-->>App: onCaptureProcessProgressed(100%)
    Note over App: Display postview as thumbnail
    HAL->>HAL: Full post-processing...
    HAL-->>EXT: Final high-quality image
    EXT-->>App: onCaptureResultAvailable()
    Note over App: Replace postview with final image

This pattern is visible in Google Camera and similar apps -- a slightly blurred preview appears immediately, then sharpens when processing completes.

62.6.10 Extension Latency¶

Extensions can report their expected capture latency:

// Get estimated capture latency range (milliseconds)
Range<Long> latencyRange = extChars.getEstimatedCaptureLatencyRangeMillis(
    EXTENSION_NIGHT, captureSize, outputFormat
);
// e.g., Range(2000, 5000) means 2-5 seconds for night mode

This allows the application to display a progress indicator during the multi-frame capture and post-processing phase.

62.7 Camera NDK¶

62.7.1 NDK Camera API Overview¶

The Camera NDK (libcamera2ndk.so) provides C-language access to the Camera2 pipeline for native applications. It mirrors the Java API structure with C function prefixes:

Source: frameworks/av/camera/ndk/NdkCameraManager.cpp
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/NdkCameraDevice.cpp
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/NdkCameraCaptureSession.cpp
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/NdkCaptureRequest.cpp
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/NdkCameraMetadata.cpp

Headers:

Source: frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraManager.h
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraDevice.h
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraCaptureSession.h
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCaptureRequest.h
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraMetadata.h
        frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraError.h

62.7.2 NDK API Mapping¶

Java API	NDK Struct / Function Prefix	Header
`CameraManager`	`ACameraManager_*`	`NdkCameraManager.h`
`CameraDevice`	`ACameraDevice_*`	`NdkCameraDevice.h`
`CameraCaptureSession`	`ACameraCaptureSession_*`	`NdkCameraCaptureSession.h`
`CaptureRequest`	`ACaptureRequest_*`	`NdkCaptureRequest.h`
`CameraMetadata`	`ACameraMetadata_*`	`NdkCameraMetadata.h`
`CaptureResult`	Uses `ACameraMetadata`	`NdkCameraMetadata.h`

62.7.3 NDK Camera Lifecycle¶

// 1. Get camera manager
ACameraManager* manager = ACameraManager_create();

// 2. Get camera ID list
ACameraIdList* cameraIdList = NULL;
ACameraManager_getCameraIdList(manager, &cameraIdList);
const char* cameraId = cameraIdList->cameraIds[0];

// 3. Get camera characteristics
ACameraMetadata* characteristics = NULL;
ACameraManager_getCameraCharacteristics(manager, cameraId, &characteristics);

// 4. Open camera
ACameraDevice* device = NULL;
ACameraDevice_StateCallbacks deviceCallbacks = {
    .context = myContext,
    .onDisconnected = onDeviceDisconnected,
    .onError = onDeviceError,
};
ACameraManager_openCamera(manager, cameraId, &deviceCallbacks, &device);

// 5. Create capture request
ACaptureRequest* request = NULL;
ACameraDevice_createCaptureRequest(device, TEMPLATE_PREVIEW, &request);

// 6. Create output
ACaptureSessionOutput* output = NULL;
ACaptureSessionOutput_create(previewWindow, &output);
ACaptureSessionOutputContainer* outputs = NULL;
ACaptureSessionOutputContainer_create(&outputs);
ACaptureSessionOutputContainer_add(outputs, output);

// 7. Add target to request
ACameraOutputTarget* target = NULL;
ACameraOutputTarget_create(previewWindow, &target);
ACaptureRequest_addTarget(request, target);

// 8. Create capture session
ACameraCaptureSession* session = NULL;
ACameraCaptureSession_stateCallbacks sessionCallbacks = {
    .context = myContext,
    .onClosed = onSessionClosed,
    .onReady = onSessionReady,
    .onActive = onSessionActive,
};
ACameraDevice_createCaptureSession(device, outputs, &sessionCallbacks, &session);

// 9. Start repeating request
ACameraCaptureSession_setRepeatingRequest(session, NULL, 1, &request, NULL);

62.7.4 NDK Capture Callbacks¶

ACameraCaptureSession_captureCallbacks captureCallbacks = {
    .context = myContext,
    .onCaptureStarted = onCaptureStarted,
    .onCaptureProgressed = NULL,
    .onCaptureCompleted = onCaptureCompleted,
    .onCaptureFailed = onCaptureFailed,
    .onCaptureSequenceCompleted = onCaptureSequenceCompleted,
    .onCaptureSequenceAborted = onCaptureSequenceAborted,
    .onCaptureBufferLost = NULL,
};

void onCaptureCompleted(void* context,
        ACameraCaptureSession* session,
        ACaptureRequest* request,
        const ACameraMetadata* result) {
    // Read result metadata
    ACameraMetadata_const_entry entry;
    ACameraMetadata_getConstEntry(result, ACAMERA_SENSOR_TIMESTAMP, &entry);
    int64_t timestamp = entry.data.i64[0];
}

62.7.5 NDK to Framework Mapping¶

Internally, the NDK camera calls go through the same CameraService as the Java API. The NDK implementation wraps ICameraDeviceUser:

graph TD
    subgraph NDKL["NDK Layer"]
        NC[NdkCameraDevice.cpp]
        NI[impl/ACameraDevice.cpp]
    end

    subgraph BIPC["Binder IPC"]
        BINDER[ICameraDeviceUser.aidl]
    end

    subgraph CSV["Camera Service"]
        CDC[CameraDeviceClient]
        C3D[Camera3Device]
    end

    NC --> NI
    NI -->|Binder| BINDER
    BINDER --> CDC
    CDC --> C3D

The NDK uses the same request templates, the same metadata tag space (prefixed with ACAMERA_ instead of CaptureRequest.), and the same error codes (mapped to camera_status_t enum values).

62.7.6 NDK Window Targets¶

The NDK camera uses ANativeWindow as the surface abstraction. This is typically obtained from:

ANativeWindow_fromSurface() -- from a Java Surface passed via JNI
ASurfaceTexture_acquireANativeWindow() -- from an ASurfaceTexture
AImageReader_getWindow() -- from an AImageReader for CPU processing

// Using AImageReader with NDK camera
AImageReader* imageReader = NULL;
AImageReader_new(width, height, AIMAGE_FORMAT_JPEG, maxImages, &imageReader);

AImageReader_ImageListener listener = {
    .context = myContext,
    .onImageAvailable = onImageAvailable,
};
AImageReader_setImageListener(imageReader, &listener);

ANativeWindow* readerWindow = NULL;
AImageReader_getWindow(imageReader, &readerWindow);
// Use readerWindow as a capture target

62.7.7 NDK Physical Camera Access¶

The NDK camera API also supports multi-camera features (API level 29+):

// Get physical camera IDs
ACameraMetadata* chars = NULL;
ACameraManager_getCameraCharacteristics(manager, logicalCameraId, &chars);

ACameraMetadata_const_entry physicalCameraIds;
ACameraMetadata_getConstEntry(chars,
    ACAMERA_LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_PHYSICAL_IDS, &physicalCameraIds);

// Create physical camera aware capture request
ACaptureRequest* request = NULL;
const char* physicalIds[] = {"2", "4"};
ACameraDevice_createCaptureRequestForPhysicalCameras(
    device, TEMPLATE_PREVIEW,
    2, physicalIds,
    &request);

// Set physical camera ID on output target
ACameraOutputTarget* target = NULL;
ACameraOutputTarget_create(window, &target);
ACaptureRequest_addTarget(request, target);
ACaptureRequest_setPhysicalCameraTarget(request, target, "2");

62.7.8 NDK Metadata Access¶

The NDK provides typed metadata access through tag constants:

// Read characteristics
ACameraMetadata_const_entry entry;

// Get sensor orientation
ACameraMetadata_getConstEntry(chars, ACAMERA_SENSOR_ORIENTATION, &entry);
int32_t orientation = entry.data.i32[0];

// Get supported output sizes for a format
ACameraMetadata_getConstEntry(chars,
    ACAMERA_SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_CONFIGURATIONS, &entry);
// Entry contains quads of [format, width, height, input]
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.count; i += 4) {
    int32_t format = entry.data.i32[i];
    int32_t width = entry.data.i32[i + 1];
    int32_t height = entry.data.i32[i + 2];
    int32_t isInput = entry.data.i32[i + 3];
    if (format == AIMAGE_FORMAT_JPEG && !isInput) {
        // Available JPEG output size: width x height
    }
}

// Set capture request parameters
uint8_t aeMode = ACAMERA_CONTROL_AE_MODE_ON;
ACaptureRequest_setEntry_u8(request,
    ACAMERA_CONTROL_AE_MODE, 1, &aeMode);

int32_t afRegion[] = {100, 100, 300, 300, 1000};  // x,y,w,h,weight
ACaptureRequest_setEntry_i32(request,
    ACAMERA_CONTROL_AF_REGIONS, 5, afRegion);

float zoomRatio = 2.0f;
ACaptureRequest_setEntry_float(request,
    ACAMERA_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO, 1, &zoomRatio);

62.7.9 NDK Error Handling¶

The NDK camera returns camera_status_t error codes:

Error Code	Value	Meaning
`ACAMERA_OK`	0	Success
`ACAMERA_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER`	-10002	Invalid argument
`ACAMERA_ERROR_CAMERA_DISCONNECTED`	-10004	Camera disconnected
`ACAMERA_ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY`	-10005	Memory allocation failure
`ACAMERA_ERROR_METADATA_NOT_FOUND`	-10006	Metadata key not in result
`ACAMERA_ERROR_CAMERA_DEVICE`	-10007	Fatal camera device error
`ACAMERA_ERROR_CAMERA_SERVICE`	-10008	Camera service error
`ACAMERA_ERROR_SESSION_CLOSED`	-10009	Capture session closed
`ACAMERA_ERROR_CAMERA_IN_USE`	-10013	Camera already open
`ACAMERA_ERROR_MAX_CAMERAS_IN_USE`	-10014	Max simultaneous cameras
`ACAMERA_ERROR_CAMERA_DISABLED`	-10015	Camera disabled by policy
`ACAMERA_ERROR_PERMISSION_DENIED`	-10016	No camera permission
`ACAMERA_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION`	-10017	Operation not supported

Source: frameworks/av/camera/ndk/include/camera/NdkCameraError.h

62.8 Try It¶

Exercise 62.1: Camera Device Enumeration¶

Enumerate all cameras on the device and print their characteristics:

import android.hardware.camera2.*;
import android.util.Size;

public class CameraEnumerator {

    public void enumerateCameras(CameraManager cameraManager) throws Exception {
        String[] cameraIds = cameraManager.getCameraIdList();
        System.out.println("Found " + cameraIds.length + " cameras:");

        for (String id : cameraIds) {
            CameraCharacteristics chars =
                cameraManager.getCameraCharacteristics(id);

            // Facing direction
            Integer facing = chars.get(CameraCharacteristics.LENS_FACING);
            String facingStr = facing == CameraCharacteristics.LENS_FACING_FRONT
                ? "FRONT" : facing == CameraCharacteristics.LENS_FACING_BACK
                ? "BACK" : "EXTERNAL";

            // Hardware level
            Integer hwLevel = chars.get(
                CameraCharacteristics.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL);
            String levelStr;
            switch (hwLevel) {
                case CameraMetadata.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL_LEGACY:
                    levelStr = "LEGACY"; break;
                case CameraMetadata.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL_LIMITED:
                    levelStr = "LIMITED"; break;
                case CameraMetadata.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL_FULL:
                    levelStr = "FULL"; break;
                case CameraMetadata.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL_3:
                    levelStr = "LEVEL_3"; break;
                case CameraMetadata.INFO_SUPPORTED_HARDWARE_LEVEL_EXTERNAL:
                    levelStr = "EXTERNAL"; break;
                default: levelStr = "UNKNOWN"; break;
            }

            // Physical cameras
            Set<String> physicalIds = chars.getPhysicalCameraIds();

            // Max JPEG size
            StreamConfigurationMap map = chars.get(
                CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);
            Size[] jpegSizes = map.getOutputSizes(ImageFormat.JPEG);
            Size maxJpeg = jpegSizes[0]; // First is largest

            System.out.println("Camera " + id + ":");
            System.out.println("  Facing: " + facingStr);
            System.out.println("  HW Level: " + levelStr);
            System.out.println("  Max JPEG: " + maxJpeg);
            System.out.println("  Physical cameras: " + physicalIds);

            // Zoom range (API 30+)
            Range<Float> zoomRange = chars.get(
                CameraCharacteristics.CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE);
            if (zoomRange != null) {
                System.out.println("  Zoom range: " + zoomRange);
            }
        }
    }
}

What to observe:

How logical cameras report physical camera IDs
The relationship between hardware level and available features
Zoom ratio ranges that indicate multi-camera stitching

Exercise 62.2: Preview + Still Capture Pipeline¶

Build a minimal preview + still capture pipeline:

import android.hardware.camera2.*;
import android.media.ImageReader;
import android.view.SurfaceHolder;

public class MinimalCameraCapture {

    private CameraDevice mCamera;
    private CameraCaptureSession mSession;
    private ImageReader mImageReader;

    public void startCamera(CameraManager manager, String cameraId,
            SurfaceHolder previewHolder) throws Exception {

        // Step 1: Create ImageReader for JPEG capture
        CameraCharacteristics chars =
            manager.getCameraCharacteristics(cameraId);
        StreamConfigurationMap map = chars.get(
            CameraCharacteristics.SCALER_STREAM_CONFIGURATION_MAP);
        Size maxJpeg = map.getOutputSizes(ImageFormat.JPEG)[0];
        mImageReader = ImageReader.newInstance(
            maxJpeg.getWidth(), maxJpeg.getHeight(),
            ImageFormat.JPEG, 2);

        mImageReader.setOnImageAvailableListener(reader -> {
            Image image = reader.acquireLatestImage();
            if (image != null) {
                // Process JPEG data
                System.out.println("Got JPEG: " +
                    image.getWidth() + "x" + image.getHeight());
                image.close();
            }
        }, backgroundHandler);

        // Step 2: Open camera
        manager.openCamera(cameraId, new CameraDevice.StateCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onOpened(CameraDevice camera) {
                mCamera = camera;
                createSession(previewHolder.getSurface());
            }
            @Override
            public void onDisconnected(CameraDevice camera) {
                camera.close();
            }
            @Override
            public void onError(CameraDevice camera, int error) {
                camera.close();
            }
        }, backgroundHandler);
    }

    private void createSession(Surface previewSurface) {
        try {
            // Step 3: Create session with preview + JPEG outputs
            SessionConfiguration config = new SessionConfiguration(
                SessionConfiguration.SESSION_REGULAR,
                Arrays.asList(
                    new OutputConfiguration(previewSurface),
                    new OutputConfiguration(mImageReader.getSurface())
                ),
                executor,
                new CameraCaptureSession.StateCallback() {
                    @Override
                    public void onConfigured(CameraCaptureSession session) {
                        mSession = session;
                        startPreview(previewSurface);
                    }
                    @Override
                    public void onConfigureFailed(CameraCaptureSession session) {
                        System.err.println("Session configuration failed!");
                    }
                }
            );
            mCamera.createCaptureSession(config);
        } catch (CameraAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private void startPreview(Surface previewSurface) {
        try {
            // Step 4: Start repeating preview request
            CaptureRequest.Builder previewBuilder =
                mCamera.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_PREVIEW);
            previewBuilder.addTarget(previewSurface);
            mSession.setRepeatingRequest(previewBuilder.build(),
                null, backgroundHandler);
        } catch (CameraAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public void captureStillPhoto() {
        try {
            // Step 5: Submit single still capture request
            CaptureRequest.Builder captureBuilder =
                mCamera.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_STILL_CAPTURE);
            captureBuilder.addTarget(mImageReader.getSurface());
            captureBuilder.set(CaptureRequest.JPEG_QUALITY, (byte) 95);

            mSession.capture(captureBuilder.build(),
                new CameraCaptureSession.CaptureCallback() {
                    @Override
                    public void onCaptureCompleted(
                            CameraCaptureSession session,
                            CaptureRequest request,
                            TotalCaptureResult result) {
                        Long exposureTime = result.get(
                            CaptureResult.SENSOR_EXPOSURE_TIME);
                        Integer sensitivity = result.get(
                            CaptureResult.SENSOR_SENSITIVITY);
                        System.out.println("Captured! Exposure: " +
                            exposureTime + "ns, ISO: " + sensitivity);
                    }
                }, backgroundHandler);
        } catch (CameraAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

What to observe:

The asynchronous nature of every operation
Preview runs as a repeating request; capture is a one-shot
The session must be configured with ALL surfaces upfront
JPEG images are received through ImageReader

Exercise 62.3: YUV Frame Analysis Pipeline¶

Add real-time frame analysis using a YUV stream alongside preview:

// Create YUV ImageReader for real-time analysis
ImageReader analysisReader = ImageReader.newInstance(
    640, 480,
    ImageFormat.YUV_420_888,
    3  // Triple-buffer
);

analysisReader.setOnImageAvailableListener(reader -> {
    Image image = reader.acquireLatestImage();
    if (image == null) return;

    // Access Y, U, V planes
    Image.Plane yPlane = image.getPlanes()[0];
    Image.Plane uPlane = image.getPlanes()[1];
    Image.Plane vPlane = image.getPlanes()[2];

    ByteBuffer yBuffer = yPlane.getBuffer();
    int yRowStride = yPlane.getRowStride();
    int yPixelStride = yPlane.getPixelStride();

    // Calculate average luminance (simple brightness meter)
    long totalLuminance = 0;
    int pixelCount = 0;
    for (int row = 0; row < image.getHeight(); row += 10) {
        for (int col = 0; col < image.getWidth(); col += 10) {
            totalLuminance += yBuffer.get(row * yRowStride + col) & 0xFF;
            pixelCount++;
        }
    }
    float avgBrightness = (float) totalLuminance / pixelCount;
    System.out.println("Average brightness: " + avgBrightness);

    image.close();  // CRITICAL: always close to return buffer
}, backgroundHandler);

What to observe:

YUV_420_888 guarantees a device-independent YUV format
PixelStride and RowStride must be respected (not always contiguous)
acquireLatestImage() drops old frames, preventing pipeline backup
image.close() is mandatory -- failing to close leaks buffers

Exercise 62.4: Manual Exposure Control¶

Implement a manual exposure control demonstrating per-frame metadata:

// Check if manual sensor control is available
int[] capabilities = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES);
boolean hasManualSensor = Arrays.stream(capabilities)
    .anyMatch(c -> c == CameraMetadata
        .REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_MANUAL_SENSOR);

if (hasManualSensor) {
    // Get sensor exposure time range
    Range<Long> exposureRange = characteristics.get(
        CameraCharacteristics.SENSOR_INFO_EXPOSURE_TIME_RANGE);
    // e.g., Range(13000, 683709000) = 13us to 683ms

    // Get sensor sensitivity (ISO) range
    Range<Integer> isoRange = characteristics.get(
        CameraCharacteristics.SENSOR_INFO_SENSITIVITY_RANGE);
    // e.g., Range(100, 6400)

    // Create manual exposure request
    CaptureRequest.Builder builder =
        cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_MANUAL);
    builder.addTarget(previewSurface);

    // Set manual AE off and specify exposure + ISO
    builder.set(CaptureRequest.CONTROL_AE_MODE,
        CameraMetadata.CONTROL_AE_MODE_OFF);
    builder.set(CaptureRequest.SENSOR_EXPOSURE_TIME,
        33_333_333L);  // 1/30 second
    builder.set(CaptureRequest.SENSOR_SENSITIVITY, 800);  // ISO 800

    session.setRepeatingRequest(builder.build(),
        new CameraCaptureSession.CaptureCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onCaptureCompleted(
                    CameraCaptureSession session,
                    CaptureRequest request,
                    TotalCaptureResult result) {
                // Verify actual values used
                Long actualExposure = result.get(
                    CaptureResult.SENSOR_EXPOSURE_TIME);
                Integer actualIso = result.get(
                    CaptureResult.SENSOR_SENSITIVITY);
                // These may differ slightly from requested values
            }
        }, handler);
}

What to observe:

Manual control requires MANUAL_SENSOR capability (FULL or higher)
CONTROL_AE_MODE must be set to OFF for manual exposure
The result reports ACTUAL values used, which may differ from requested
Per-frame control means each frame can have different settings

Exercise 62.5: Multi-Camera Zoom¶

Demonstrate smooth zoom across physical cameras:

// Get zoom ratio range
Range<Float> zoomRange = characteristics.get(
    CameraCharacteristics.CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE);
// e.g., Range(0.5, 10.0) for ultra-wide to telephoto

// Smooth zoom animation
float startZoom = 1.0f;
float endZoom = 5.0f;
int steps = 30;

for (int i = 0; i <= steps; i++) {
    float zoom = startZoom + (endZoom - startZoom) * i / steps;

    CaptureRequest.Builder builder =
        cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_PREVIEW);
    builder.addTarget(previewSurface);
    builder.set(CaptureRequest.CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO, zoom);

    session.capture(builder.build(),
        new CameraCaptureSession.CaptureCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onCaptureCompleted(
                    CameraCaptureSession session,
                    CaptureRequest request,
                    TotalCaptureResult result) {
                // Check which physical camera is active
                String activePhysicalId = result.get(
                    CaptureResult.LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_ACTIVE_PHYSICAL_ID);
                Float actualZoom = result.get(
                    CaptureResult.CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO);
                System.out.println("Zoom: " + actualZoom +
                    " Active camera: " + activePhysicalId);
            }
        }, handler);
}

What to observe:

The logical camera automatically switches physical cameras as zoom changes
LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_ACTIVE_PHYSICAL_ID reveals which sensor is active
The transition between cameras is seamless (ISP handles color/exposure matching)
Zoom ratios below 1.0 indicate ultra-wide (if supported)

Exercise 62.6: Camera Extensions -- Night Mode¶

Use camera extensions to capture a night mode photo:

// Check if night mode extension is available
CameraExtensionCharacteristics extChars =
    cameraManager.getCameraExtensionCharacteristics(cameraId);

if (extChars.getSupportedExtensions().contains(
        CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_NIGHT)) {

    // Get supported sizes
    List<Size> nightSizes = extChars.getExtensionSupportedSizes(
        CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_NIGHT, ImageFormat.JPEG);
    Size captureSize = nightSizes.get(0);  // Largest

    // Check latency
    Range<Long> latency = extChars.getEstimatedCaptureLatencyRangeMillis(
        CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_NIGHT,
        captureSize, ImageFormat.JPEG);
    System.out.println("Night mode latency: " + latency + " ms");

    // Create extension session
    OutputConfiguration captureOutput = new OutputConfiguration(
        imageReader.getSurface());
    OutputConfiguration previewOutput = new OutputConfiguration(
        previewSurface);

    ExtensionSessionConfiguration extConfig =
        new ExtensionSessionConfiguration(
            CameraExtensionCharacteristics.EXTENSION_NIGHT,
            Arrays.asList(captureOutput, previewOutput),
            executor,
            new CameraExtensionSession.StateCallback() {
                @Override
                public void onConfigured(CameraExtensionSession session) {
                    // Start preview
                    CaptureRequest.Builder previewBuilder =
                        cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(
                            CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_PREVIEW);
                    previewBuilder.addTarget(previewSurface);
                    session.setRepeatingRequest(previewBuilder.build(),
                        executor, extensionCallback);

                    // Capture night mode photo
                    CaptureRequest.Builder captureBuilder =
                        cameraDevice.createCaptureRequest(
                            CameraDevice.TEMPLATE_STILL_CAPTURE);
                    captureBuilder.addTarget(imageReader.getSurface());
                    session.capture(captureBuilder.build(),
                        executor, extensionCallback);
                }
                @Override
                public void onClosed(CameraExtensionSession session) {}
                @Override
                public void onConfigureFailed(CameraExtensionSession session) {}
            }
        );

    cameraDevice.createExtensionSession(extConfig);
}

What to observe:

Extension sessions replace standard capture sessions entirely
Night mode may take several seconds due to multi-frame capture
The extension handles all the complexity of frame stacking and noise reduction
Not all devices support extensions; always check getSupportedExtensions()

Exercise 62.7: NDK Camera Preview¶

Implement a minimal NDK camera preview using the C API:

#include <camera/NdkCameraManager.h>
#include <camera/NdkCameraDevice.h>
#include <camera/NdkCameraCaptureSession.h>
#include <camera/NdkCaptureRequest.h>

// Global state
static ACameraManager* cameraManager = NULL;
static ACameraDevice* cameraDevice = NULL;
static ACameraCaptureSession* captureSession = NULL;
static ACaptureRequest* captureRequest = NULL;

// Device callbacks
static void onDisconnected(void* ctx, ACameraDevice* dev) {
    LOGI("Camera disconnected");
}
static void onError(void* ctx, ACameraDevice* dev, int err) {
    LOGE("Camera error: %d", err);
}

// Session callbacks
static void onSessionReady(void* ctx, ACameraCaptureSession* session) {
    LOGI("Session ready");
}
static void onSessionActive(void* ctx, ACameraCaptureSession* session) {
    LOGI("Session active");
}
static void onSessionClosed(void* ctx, ACameraCaptureSession* session) {
    LOGI("Session closed");
}

camera_status_t startNdkPreview(ANativeWindow* window) {
    camera_status_t status;

    // Create camera manager
    cameraManager = ACameraManager_create();

    // Get first camera ID
    ACameraIdList* idList = NULL;
    status = ACameraManager_getCameraIdList(cameraManager, &idList);
    if (status != ACAMERA_OK || idList->numCameras < 1) return status;

    const char* cameraId = idList->cameraIds[0];

    // Open camera
    ACameraDevice_StateCallbacks deviceCb = {
        .onDisconnected = onDisconnected,
        .onError = onError,
    };
    status = ACameraManager_openCamera(cameraManager, cameraId,
        &deviceCb, &cameraDevice);
    if (status != ACAMERA_OK) return status;

    // Create request
    status = ACameraDevice_createCaptureRequest(cameraDevice,
        TEMPLATE_PREVIEW, &captureRequest);
    if (status != ACAMERA_OK) return status;

    // Setup output
    ACameraOutputTarget* outputTarget = NULL;
    ACameraOutputTarget_create(window, &outputTarget);
    ACaptureRequest_addTarget(captureRequest, outputTarget);

    ACaptureSessionOutput* sessionOutput = NULL;
    ACaptureSessionOutput_create(window, &sessionOutput);
    ACaptureSessionOutputContainer* outputs = NULL;
    ACaptureSessionOutputContainer_create(&outputs);
    ACaptureSessionOutputContainer_add(outputs, sessionOutput);

    // Create session
    ACameraCaptureSession_stateCallbacks sessionCb = {
        .onReady = onSessionReady,
        .onActive = onSessionActive,
        .onClosed = onSessionClosed,
    };
    status = ACameraDevice_createCaptureSession(cameraDevice,
        outputs, &sessionCb, &captureSession);
    if (status != ACAMERA_OK) return status;

    // Start repeating request
    status = ACameraCaptureSession_setRepeatingRequest(captureSession,
        NULL, 1, &captureRequest, NULL);

    // Cleanup ID list
    ACameraManager_deleteCameraIdList(idList);

    return status;
}

void stopNdkPreview() {
    if (captureSession) {
        ACameraCaptureSession_stopRepeating(captureSession);
        ACameraCaptureSession_close(captureSession);
        captureSession = NULL;
    }
    if (cameraDevice) {
        ACameraDevice_close(cameraDevice);
        cameraDevice = NULL;
    }
    if (cameraManager) {
        ACameraManager_delete(cameraManager);
        cameraManager = NULL;
    }
}

What to observe:

The NDK API mirrors the Java API pattern exactly
Resource cleanup is manual (no garbage collection)
All operations are still asynchronous via callbacks
The same CameraService is used under the hood

Exercise 62.8: Tracing the Camera Pipeline with dumpsys¶

Use dumpsys to inspect the running camera state:

# List camera devices and their status
adb shell dumpsys media.camera

# Key sections in the output:
# 1. Camera provider HAL information
# 2. Active camera clients
# 3. Camera device state
# 4. Stream configurations
# 5. Last few capture requests/results
# 6. Error events

# Watch for specific tags during capture
adb shell dumpsys media.camera --watch \
    android.control.aeState \
    android.control.afState \
    android.sensor.exposureTime

# Trace camera HAL calls
adb shell atrace --async_start -c camera
# ... perform camera operations ...
adb shell atrace --async_stop -c camera -o /data/local/tmp/trace.txt
adb pull /data/local/tmp/trace.txt

# Monitor camera framerate
adb shell dumpsys SurfaceFlinger --latency <surface-name>

What to observe:

Active client information (package name, PID, priority)
Stream configuration details (resolution, format, usage flags)
3A convergence state in real-time
Frame delivery latency from HAL to display

Exercise 62.9: Source Code Exploration¶

Explore the camera source code to understand the architecture:

# Count classes in the Camera2 framework API
find frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/ \
    -name "*.java" | wc -l

# Explore the Camera3Device implementation
wc -l frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3Device.cpp
# Typically 5000+ lines -- one of the largest files in the camera service

# Find all capture request metadata keys
grep -r "public static final Key" \
    frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CaptureRequest.java \
    | wc -l
# Over 100 controllable parameters per frame

# See all stream types
ls frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/device3/Camera3*Stream*

# Find the HAL interface definition
find hardware/interfaces/camera/device/ -name "ICameraDeviceSession.aidl"

# Examine composite stream implementations
ls frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/api2/*CompositeStream*

What to observe:

The sheer scale of the camera subsystem (>100K lines of code)
The number of metadata keys available for per-frame control
The multiple composite stream implementations for different output formats
How the AIDL HAL interface maps to the framework concepts

Summary¶

The Camera2 pipeline is one of AOSP's most sophisticated subsystems. The key architectural insights from this chapter:

Request-result model -- Every frame is explicitly requested, and results arrive asynchronously with precise per-frame metadata.
Three process boundaries -- Java framework to cameraserver (Binder), cameraserver to camera HAL (AIDL/HIDL), HAL to hardware.
Camera3Device is the engine -- It manages the HAL lifecycle, request queuing, result routing, and stream management through dedicated threads (RequestThread, FrameProcessor, StatusTracker).
Streams are BufferQueues -- Every output surface maps to a Camera3OutputStream backed by a producer-consumer buffer queue.
Metadata mappers -- Coordinate space transformations (distortion, zoom, rotation) are applied transparently between the app and HAL.
Extensions extend without replacing -- Camera Extensions build on top of Camera2, using the same infrastructure but adding OEM-specific multi-frame algorithms.
NDK parity -- The NDK camera API provides identical functionality to the Java API through the same underlying service.

The next chapter explores the Account and Sync framework, which manages user credentials and background data synchronization across the platform.