Appendix D: Android 17 Updates

This appendix summarizes the important platform changes between Android 16 (the android-16.0.0_r4 tag) and Android 17 (the android17-release branch). It is derived from a per-repository diff of the two releases and verified against the Android 17 source tree. The focus is new projects, new code modules, and architecture changes; external/* dependencies are covered only by how they are integrated, and routine bugfixes and version bumps are omitted. Where a change is still flag-gated or scaffolded-but-not-default in 17, that status is called out.

D.1 How to read this appendix

The appendix is organized by book Part (subsystem), in chapter order. Within each Part, changes are grouped by category: New projects (new top-level repositories), New modules (new code modules, APEXes, or HAL packages inside existing repos), Architecture changes (structural reworks), and Notable integrations (how new or external pieces are wired into the platform). Every claim cites real AOSP paths, and a closing Key Source Files Reference table (D.16) collects the standout files per Part.

D.2 Kernel & Boot

Android 17 carves USB accessory handling out into its own top-level repo, moves snapshot-based OTA toward a userspace block-device (UBLK) backend, and ships the first android17-6.18 GKI configs. The init first-stage mount path also finishes splitting Android-specific logic from Microdroid.

New projects

system/usb (platform/system/usb) is a brand-new top-level repo holding the USB stack's userspace components. Its first inhabitant is aoad, a userspace daemon implementing the Android Open Accessory (AOA) protocol that historically lived in the kernel's f_accessory USB function driver. The repo ships:

• An AIDL contract android.hardware.usb.aoa (system/usb/aoa/aidl/android/hardware/usb/aoa/IUsbAoa.aidl) exposing openAccessory(), openAccessoryForInputStream/OutputStream(), getMaxPacketSize(), getAccessoryStrings(), getInitializationStatus(), and isStartRequested(). Clients such as UsbDeviceManager call getInitializationStatus() to confirm the userspace AOA path is healthy.
• The daemon itself (system/usb/aoa/daemon/main.cpp), registering the aoad Binder service, plus UsbAoaService.cpp, VendorControlRequestMonitor.cpp, and AccessoryLegacyBridgeThread.cpp (built into libaoad_core per system/usb/aoa/daemon/Android.bp).

The architectural move is from a kernel gadget function to a FunctionFS (FFS) + userspace model: VendorControlRequestMonitor (system/usb/aoa/daemon/VendorControlRequestMonitor.h) opens the FFS control endpoint ep0, epoll-waits, and decodes the AOA vendor control requests (ACCESSORY_GET_PROTOCOL=51, ..._SEND_STRING=52, ..._START=53, HID requests 54..57, ..._SET_AUDIO_MODE=58) entirely in userspace. HID-over-AOA is bridged to /dev/uhid. The daemon is gated off by default and only starts when opted in.

Userspace AOA daemon startup gate

flowchart TD
    PROP["property ro.usb.userspace.aoa.enabled=true"] --> START["init starts aoad (class late_start)"]
    START --> FFS["VendorControlRequestMonitor opens FunctionFS ep0"]
    FFS --> EPOLL["epoll loop decodes AOA control requests"]
    EPOLL --> HID["bridge HID requests to /dev/uhid"]
    EPOLL --> DATA["openAccessory() returns bulk data fd to clients"]
    START --> SVC["registers Binder service aoad"]
    SVC --> UDM["UsbDeviceManager queries getInitializationStatus()"]

system/usb/aoa/daemon/aoad.rc declares service aoad /system/bin/aoad, disabled, started only on property:ro.usb.userspace.aoa.enabled=true, running as user system with groups system usb uhid under seclabel u:r:aoad:s0. A cc_fuzz target (aoad_fuzzer) fuzzes the privileged surface.

Architecture changes

OTA snapshots move to a UBLK backend (system/core + system/update_engine). Virtual A/B snapshot merges, previously served by snapuserd through the kernel dm-user device, can now run over UBLK (userspace block driver). First-stage init selects the mode at boot: system/core/init/first_stage_mount_android.cpp calls sm->UpdateUsesUblk(), then LaunchFirstStageSnapuserd(use_ublk) and initializes /dev/block/ublkb* / /dev/ublk* misc devices. A new manifest field disable_ublk (system/update_engine/update_metadata.proto:385-387) lets OEMs force dm-user even on UBLK-configured devices. The legacy system snapuserd codepath and ro.virtual_ab.userspace.snapshots.enabled-style props are removed on both sides.

update_engine COW/compression updates. Android 17 adds zstd compression for REPLACE ops (plus a zstd_extent_writer unittest) and a flag to disable REPLACE compression. It also removes squashfs support and retrofit-dynamic-partition logic, drops SnapshotMergeStats, and stops saving manifest bytes / frees manifest partition memory after use to cut peak RAM. Large patches are now written to a file and applied via fd rather than held in memory.

First-stage init: Microdroid vs Android separation. The first-stage mount logic was refactored so Android-specific mounting no longer compiles into Microdroid (and vice versa): system/core/init/first_stage_mount_android.cpp/.h and first_stage_mount_microdroid.cpp now sit beside the shared first_stage_mount.cpp, the FirstStageMount virtual base class was removed, and second-stage init no longer pulls in first-stage mount/main.

Other init/boot changes. A reworked boot monitor lands, though enabling it by default was reverted again this cycle. Boot analysis gains ro.boottime.event.* properties and richer bootchart capture (early bootcharting via kernel command line, full-command-line capture, CPU model detection from /proc/cpuinfo). Init now passes the shutdown reason to the kernel on reboot, adds reboot reasons for long power-key presses, mounts securityfs, and removes the interactive FDR prompt when the TPM has been cleared. ueventd gains wildcard matching in sysfs attribute specs and can pull firmware from bootstrap APEXes before the full APEX set is ready.

ION allocator removed (dma-buf heaps only). BufferAllocator (system/memory/libdmabufheap/BufferAllocator.cpp) now allocates only from /dev/dma_heap/*; the legacy ION path (system/memory/libion) is reduced to deprecated no-op shims, so DMA-buf heaps are the single graphics/media buffer allocator.

Read-only AOSP source tree at build time. Soong now mounts the checkout read-only during a sandboxed build: SandboxConfig.SrcDirMountFlag() returns -R (build/soong/ui/build/sandbox_config.go) so build actions cannot write back into the tree and all generated output is confined to out/.

Memory Limiter system service. A new MemoryLimiter service (frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/MemoryLimiter.java, JNI com_android_server_am_MemoryLimiter.cpp, flag memory_limiter_enable) applies cgroup-v2 per-process limits to app UIDs, soft-throttling at memory.high and killing a process whose combined anon+swap stays over budget; it complements the system-wide mmd swap daemon and the vendor-process-scoped pmgd (D.7).

Notable integrations

• GKI kernel: first android17-6.18 configs. kernel/configs adds the android17-6.18 branch targeting the Linux 6.18 GKI kernel, while pruning Android R configs and refreshing OGKI approved-build lists and kernel-lifetimes.xml.
• Shared OTA headers across init/fastboot/recovery. libupdate_engine_headers is exported so init, fastboot, and recovery's libinstall can find file_descriptor.h (system/core and bootable/recovery), tightening the coupling between the OTA engine and the boot/recovery tooling that feeds it.
• Recovery (bootable/recovery). Picks up F2FS packed_ssa support, a binder=c bit in MISC_KCMDLINE, and a configurable recovery_ui graphics timeout.

D.3 Native Foundation

The native layer of Android 17 is dominated by two stories: a much larger AIDL HAL surface (820 commits in hardware/interfaces, a new framework compatibility matrix, several new device contracts), and a structural maturation of berberis, the dynamic binary translator (439 commits), which grows beyond riscv64-on-x86_64 into a multi-guest engine with arm64 scaffolded in. bionic and libcore round it out with page-size/memory-tagging hardening and an OpenJDK uprev aimed at jdk-25.

New projects

No entirely new repositories enter this Part. The notable additions are new HAL packages inside hardware/interfaces and new subdirectories inside berberis (covered under New modules and Architecture changes).

New modules

New AIDL HAL contracts shipped in hardware/interfaces and declared in the Android 17 framework compatibility matrix compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202704.xml (FCM level="202704"):

• Motion Context HAL — hardware/interfaces/motioncontext/aidl/android/hardware/motioncontext/ defines IMotionContext, IMotionContextClient, IMotionContextCallback, plus MotionState, MotionEvent, MotionSubscription, EventDeliveryReason: a subscription-based stream of device motion state to framework clients.
• NPU HAL — hardware/interfaces/npu/aidl/android/hardware/npu/ adds IScheduling and ISchedulingCallback with SchedulingConfig, WorkInfo, StartReason, EndReason, Uuid. Per npu/README.md, the first revision lets Android inform a neural-processing unit of application priorities (0-1000, 0 = most important) and receive callbacks when NPU work starts/ends.
• libwrapfd (system/memory/libwrapfd) -- a new Rust/LLNDK library (rust/lib.rs, cc_library_shared libwrapfd) over a new /dev/wrapfd kernel driver. It wraps an existing fd and controls how it may be mmaped: wrapfd_driver_wrap() pins a PROT_READ/PROT_WRITE/PROT_NONE mask, with ioctls to query state and acquire/release ownership. It is apex_available to com.android.npumanager, backing NPU-buffer protection.
• Secure Execution Environment (SEE) family — a large new hardware/interfaces/security/see/ tree, all declared in the 202704 matrix:
• security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/.../hwcrypto/ — IHwCryptoOperations, IOpaqueKey, ICryptoOperationContext (+CryptoOperation, CryptoOperationSet, KeyPolicy, MemoryBufferParameter): a TEE-side crypto operation surface using opaque key handles.
• security/see/storage/aidl/.../storage/ — ISecureStorage, IStorageSession, IDir, IFile (+CreationMode, Integrity, Availability, Filesystem, OpenOptions): a tamper-evident/rollback-protected secure filesystem contract.
• security/see/devicestate/.../IDeviceState, security/see/authmgr/, and security/see/ext/.../ITrustedHalExt.aidl — an extension point letting a trusted HAL be reached from the SEE.
• Existing HAL version bumps: health AIDL V5 (battery manufacturer/model/voltage-min-design), Weaver V3, Bluetooth Audio V6 (LE Audio peripheral/broadcast-sink, LE Audio over HDT phy, ISO parameter update), Channel Sounding additions (UpdateChannelSoundingConfig, GetVelocity), wifi Proximity Ranging, USB PortPartnerStatus/Bc12Type, and a new "timestamp HAL".

berberis adds a cpu_emulation/ umbrella module (below) and splits the riscv64 translator into its own libraries (translator_riscv64, runtime_library).

Architecture changes

berberis: from a riscv64 translator to a multi-guest, multi-tier engine. Android 16's tree was effectively riscv64-on-x86_64 only. In 17 the engine is reorganized under frameworks/libs/binary_translation/cpu_emulation/, gathering three execution tiers plus shared infrastructure:

• cpu_emulation/interpreter/ — first-tier interpreter (riscv64).
• cpu_emulation/lite_translator/ — fast, low-optimization JIT (lite_translator/riscv64_to_x86_64).
• cpu_emulation/heavy_optimizer/ — optimizing JIT (heavy_optimizer/riscv64), the focus of the 17 cycle: global guest context optimization is implemented and enabled by default, plus LoopGuestContextOptimizer for irreducible loops and register-lifetime work in LocalGuestContextOptimizer.
• shared support: cpu_emulation/{decoder,assembler,backend/x86_64,code_gen_lib,intrinsics}/.

The arm64 guest is now scaffolded across the tree. New arch directories appear under runtime/arm64/ and runtime/arm64_to_x86_64/, guest_loader/arm64/, guest_state/arm64/ (with get_cpu_state.cc), guest_abi/arm64/, guest_os_primitives/arm64/, kernel_api/arm64/, plus cpu_emulation/insn_tests/arm64/ and intrinsic-mapping dirs (intrinsics/riscv64_to_arm64/, code_gen_lib/arm64_to_x86_64/, arm64_to_all/). So while README.md still advertises riscv64-on-x86_64, the 17 codebase generalizes the abstractions to host more than one guest ISA. Runtime hardening in the same cycle increases the translation host stack to 1 MB with guard pages and adds clone3 syscall emulation.

berberis three-tier translation pipeline (riscv64 guest, x86_64 host)

flowchart LR
  guest["riscv64 guest code<br/>(native_bridge)"] --> dec["cpu_emulation/decoder"]
  dec --> interp["interpreter<br/>(tier 0)"]
  dec --> lite["lite_translator<br/>(tier 1 fast JIT)"]
  dec --> heavy["heavy_optimizer<br/>(tier 2 global ctx opt)"]
  lite --> backend["backend/x86_64 + code_gen_lib"]
  heavy --> backend
  backend --> host["host x86_64 code"]

AIDL toolchain. system/tools/aidl (78 commits) gains the @VersionSupport(version=N) interface annotation, registered in system/tools/aidl/aidl_language.cpp (AidlAnnotation::Type::VERSION_SUPPORT) and enforced by AidlInterface::VersionSpecificCheckValid() plus GetVersionSupportVersion() in aidl_language.h:372 — it pins a declared version to the interface's actual version. The Rust backend gains no_std variants, Soong rules are progressively sandboxed, and C++ tracing in generated code is now off by default.

VINTF. system/libvintf is quiet (8 commits, no contract change), but the compatibility surface advances via the new compatibility_matrix.202704.xml FCM plus placeholder values for the next dessert release.

Notable integrations

• bionic memory/page-size hardening. The 16 KB page-size transition continues: a padded ELF test library, 16 KB backcompat-mode guard pages (added then reverted), and RWX_MiddlePageProtection regression coverage. The dynamic linker re-enables execute-only memory (XOM) in the linker binary, adds missing BTI instructions/ELF notes, and refines MTE handling (only calling get_tagged_address on readable sections). String routines move toward portable-SIMD (strlen.cpp from psimd, rustlib's x86_64 strlen replaced with psimd), plus optimized wmemset/wmemcpy/memccpy.
• libcore OpenJDK uprev. libcore (205 commits) imports broadly from jdk-25.0.1-ga and jdk-25+26 — java.util.concurrent (+.locks, .atomic), java.time.chrono, Character, ClassValue, Collections, Invokers/NamedParameterSpec — alongside OpenJDK 21's 3 new String API methods. An OpenJDK 25 entry is added to the libcore-openjdk-analyzer tool, signalling the class libraries tracking toward JDK 25.

D.4 Native Services & Media

Android 17's native-services and media layer advances on several fronts. SurfaceFlinger gains scaffolding for out-of-process rendering (OOPR) -- a shared-memory render-command channel that lets a client record draw commands instead of pushing finished buffers -- plus a reworked multi-display modeset path. libbinder grows a generic-netlink diagnostics channel. On the media side, codec2 splits a stable NDK codec surface (libapexcodecs) out for the media APEX, the camera service adds a multi-client shared session mode, and the Photo Picker grows search and a category grid.

New modules

• libapexcodecs -- stable C2 codec NDK for the media APEX. frameworks/av/media/module/libapexcodecs/include/apex/ApexCodecs.h defines a C ABI (ApexCodec_ComponentStore, ApexCodec_Component, ApexCodec_Buffer, with ApexCodec_Component_create/start/flush/reset/process, all __INTRODUCED_IN(36)) so the updatable media (swcodec) APEX can expose Codec2 software components across the APEX boundary. The 17 cycle wires real decoders onto it (C2ApexAacDec, C2ApexOpusDec) and Codec2Client learns to enumerate and rank ApexCodecs-based components.
• libgui lockless IPC primitives for OOPR. A cluster of new headers under frameworks/native/libs/gui/include/gui/ -- RenderCommandBuffer{,Producer,Consumer}.h, plus the lock-free building blocks MagicRingBuffer.h, LocklessStaticQueue.h, LocklessTripleBuffer.h, LocklessQueue.h, and RPointer.h (relative pointers for shared memory) -- back the render-command channel below.

Architecture changes

SurfaceFlinger out-of-process rendering (OOPR). The largest SF theme of the cycle. Instead of rendering into a GraphicBuffer and queueing it, a client records Skia draw operations into an ashmem-backed RenderCommandBuffer that SurfaceFlinger replays at composition time. RenderCommandBufferProducer (frameworks/native/libs/gui/include/gui/RenderCommandBufferProducer.h) owns the ashmem IpcRenderRegion, exposes startRecording()/finishRecordingAndPostFrame(), and attaches to a layer via a new SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction setter; bulk uploads move through the lock-free MagicRingBuffer. SF-side support adds RenderResourceCache (frameworks/native/services/surfaceflinger/RenderResourceCache.{h,cpp}), composition shaders, a frameId plumbed end-to-end for sync, and OOPR-aware stats. The path sits behind an aconfig flag; in 17 it is infrastructure, not yet the default render path.

OOPR render-command channel versus the classic buffer-queue path

flowchart LR
  subgraph client["Client process"]
    rec["RenderCommandBufferProducer<br/>(records Skia ops)"]
    bq["BufferQueue producer<br/>(renders to GraphicBuffer)"]
  end
  subgraph sf["SurfaceFlinger"]
    consumer["RenderCommandBuffer consumer<br/>+ RenderResourceCache"]
    comp["CompositionEngine"]
  end
  rec -->|"ashmem IpcRenderRegion (replay ops)"| consumer
  bq -->|"queue finished buffer"| comp
  consumer -->|"replay + draw"| comp
  comp --> hwc["HWComposer / display"]

Multi-display atomic modeset. SF reworks how mode changes are committed across displays: a new display-command modeset implementation and state machine, a SurfaceControl API to drive an atomic modeset (gui: Plumb SurfaceControl API for atomic modeset), and flag-gated enablement. Related scheduler work moves pacesetter selection to peak FPS rather than vsync rate. HIDL power is removed from SF.

libbinder generic-netlink reporting. A new frameworks/native/libs/binder/BinderNetlink.cpp opens a generic-netlink socket to the kernel binder driver's "binder" family and consumes asynchronous reports: BinderNetlink::open()/getReport()/readReport() decode BINDER_A_REPORT_ERROR / BINDER_A_REPORT_CONTEXT attributes, giving userspace a diagnostics stream of driver-side binder errors keyed by context. The cycle also continues libbinder_rs no_std enablement plus RPC IAccessor/Parcel performance cleanups, and SensorService suspends events for frozen clients.

Camera multi-client shared session. The camera service adds a shared session mode letting multiple clients observe one camera. frameworks/av/services/camera/libcameraservice/config/SharedSessionConfigReader.h parses an XML descriptor of shared output streams (SharedSessionConfig with surfaceType, streamUseCase, dataSpace, color space); the camera_multi_client flag is retired and metrics for shared mode / current surface id are added, mirrored in metadata by a brand-new section (below).

Notable integrations

• New camera-metadata sections (system/media). system/media/camera/include/system/camera_metadata_tags.h adds two sections ahead of ANDROID_SECTION_COUNT: ANDROID_SHARED_SESSION (..._COLOR_SPACE, ..._OUTPUT_CONFIGURATIONS, both fwk_only) backing the shared-session feature, and ANDROID_DESKTOP_EFFECTS (..._CAPABILITIES, ..._BACKGROUND_BLUR_MODES, system/HIDL v3.2) for camera-pipeline background blur. The cycle also adds an AGTM dynamic-range-profile entry and promotes libcamera_metadata to LLNDK.
• codec2 surface migration and 10-bit color. Codec2 migrates its GraphicsTracker and allocator onto Surface, and the codec stack gains 10-bit RGB / YUV support. The xHE-AAC encoder (C2SoftXheAacEnc) is fleshed out (presentation id, end-of-frame marking, live mode).
• New Codec2 software components and AudioFlinger MMAP AIDL. frameworks/av/media/codec2/components/ gains APV codecs (libcodec2_soft_apvdec/...apvenc, apv/C2SoftApvDec.cpp) and an IAMF decoder (libcodec2_soft_iamfdec, iamf/C2SoftIamfDec.cpp). AudioFlinger also moves MMAP stream control onto stable AIDL via IMmapStream (frameworks/av/media/libaudioclient/aidl/android/media/IMmapStream.aidl, createMmapBuffer/startTrack/stopTrack).
• Photo Picker: search and categories (packages/providers/MediaProvider). The Kotlin Photo Picker becomes default on T+ and grows two major features under photopicker/src/com/android/photopicker/features/: a search/ feature (local on-device search backed by AppSearch with a 50k-document limit and restricted-word filtering, plus a cloud-provider SearchMediaService SPI) and a categorygrid/ feature (album/category browsing, including SD-card categories). The embedded picker gains a V2 API surface, PhotoPickerSelectionParams, and a location-metadata feature flag.
• packages/modules/Media API surface. Mostly housekeeping, but MediaParser is migrated onto Media3/ExoPlayer, gains track-aware seeking (per-track duration in MediaFormat), deprecates SAMPLE_FLAG_DECODE_ONLY, and the media-metrics AIDL is converted to stable AIDL.
• VVC / H.266 framework plumbing. The media framework adds the MEDIA_MIMETYPE_VIDEO_VVC MIME type (frameworks/av/media/module/foundation/MediaDefs.cpp) and VVC profile/level mappings (frameworks/av/media/codec2/vndk/C2Config.cpp, PROFILE_VVC_MAIN_10) so a vendor VVC codec can plug into MediaCodec. No software VVC codec is bundled, unlike the new APV/IAMF components.
• Constant-quality video recording. MediaRecorder.setVideoEncodingQuality(int) (frameworks/base/media/java/android/media/MediaRecorder.java) holds a fixed quality level and lets the bitrate float, plumbed through StagefrightRecorder.cpp and MediaCodecSource::adjustMediaFormatForConstantQuality() onto encoders supporting BITRATE_MODE_CQ.
• Dynamic camera session output updates + logical multi-camera metadata. CameraCaptureSession.updateOutputConfigurations(List<OutputConfiguration>) (frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/camera2/CameraCaptureSession.java, AIDL ICameraDeviceUser.aidl) swaps a session's output surfaces in place without tearing it down, and LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA_ADDITIONAL_RESULTS (CaptureRequest.java) requests per-physical-camera metadata without dedicated physical streams.
• Background audio hardening at SDK 37. HardeningEnforcer (frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/audio/HardeningEnforcer.java) blocks audio-focus and volume-control requests from background apps targeting SDK 37 unless they hold an exemption, enforced through AppOps (OP_TAKE_AUDIO_FOCUS, OP_CONTROL_AUDIO) from AudioService.
• Audio-managed Bluetooth SCO. The audio HAL gains IBluetooth.setScoConfig(ScoConfig) (hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/android/hardware/audio/core/IBluetooth.aidl) so the audio framework owns the SCO link lifecycle (selected via AudioManager.setCommunicationDevice) rather than the Bluetooth stack, gated by bluetooth.sco.managed_by_audio and AudioDeviceBroker's mScoManagedByAudio.
• Dedicated Assistant volume stream. Android 17 adds AudioManager.MODE_ASSISTANT_CONVERSATION (= AudioSystem.MODE_ASSISTANT_CONVERSATION = 7, frameworks/base/media/java/android/media/AudioSystem.java:236, AudioManager.java:3869), giving assistant playback -- tagged USAGE_ASSISTANT (AudioAttributes.java:216) -- its own volume curve so it can be raised or muted independently of media. A companion capture permission BYPASS_CONCURRENT_RECORD_AUDIO_RESTRICTION (frameworks/base/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml:7511) lets a privileged assistant or accessibility component capture audio during a call or another otherwise-exclusive session. See Chapter 15, Section 15.3.13.
• WebGPU is announced but is not in the platform image. The Android 17 developer materials list a WebGPU Kotlin/Java graphics-and-compute API over Vulkan, but it is not part of the AOSP platform source: there is no external/dawn / external/webgpu project and no webgpu API surface in frameworks/base. The only in-tree WebGPU/Dawn code is Skia's internal Graphite/Dawn GPU backend and its WGSL shader codegen inside external/skia -- rendering infrastructure, not an app-facing Android API. The developer-facing WebGPU surface ships as a Jetpack/library layer on top of the platform's Vulkan stack (Chapter 13).

D.5 Runtime

Android 17 reshapes the lowest layers of the managed runtime. The headline is a ground-up rewrite of the Zygote in Rust as a new top-level project, alongside a new x86 micro-architecture target in ART and continued shrinking of the APEX-mounted runtime surface.

New projects

system/zygote (Native Zygote / zygote_next). Android 17 introduces an entirely new top-level repository implementing the Zygote process server in Rust. It builds the zygote_next daemon (system/zygote/zygote/src/bin/zygote.rs) and is split into focused crates (system/zygote/Android.bp, edition: "2024"):

• zygote-sys wraps raw syscalls (fork, clone3, epoll_wait, setresuid/setresgid, prctl) and /proc introspection behind safe Rust (system/zygote/zygote-sys/src/).
• zygote-messages defines the system_server <-> Zygote IPC as a FlatBuffers schema (system/zygote/zygote-messages/schemas/messages.fbs) with derive-macro marshalling from zygote-proc-macros.
• zygote-core centralizes logging/tracing init and hooks into atrace.
• zygote holds the Server event loop and the Species abstraction.

The classic frameworks/base ZygoteInit Java path still exists; zygote_next is the native successor the platform is migrating toward. It logs a NativeZygoteStarted statsd atom on launch, runs at nice -20, and is built with ASYNC MTE (Soong sanitize: { memtag_heap: true } in system/zygote/zygote/Android.bp).

Architecture changes

The Species / subspecies process model. Rather than the old fork-and-specialize flow, zygote_next models each preload-and-spawn environment as a Species (system/zygote/zygote/src/species.rs). The Species trait (lines 82-181) is a vtable of callbacks (gather_reinitialization_data, speciate, gestate, set_seccomp_filters, sync_fd_state, file/socket allow-list checks). Three implementations are registered statically: AndroidNative (.../species/android_native.rs), LibApp, and a Mock "Turtle" used in tests.

A key new capability is the subspecies: the schema defines SpawnSubspecies and the SpawnSubspeciesAndroidNative payload (messages.fbs lines 31-43, 87-93), and the server can spawn a native child Zygote on demand that re-initializes itself as a subspecies (speciate() runs before re_initialize_as_subspecies()). This generalizes the old "child zygote" idea into a first-class, per-payload spawn command carrying its own library paths, ABI list, preload function, and UID/GID range.

Native Zygote spawn dispatch through the Species abstraction

flowchart TD
    SS["system_server"] -->|"FlatBuffers Parcel<br/>(Spawn / SpawnSubspecies)"| SRV["zygote_next Server<br/>(epoll event loop)"]
    SRV -->|"match SpawnPayload"| SEL{"Select Species"}
    SEL -->|"AndroidNative"| AN["android_native::App"]
    SEL -->|"LibApp"| LA["lib_app::App"]
    SEL -->|"SpawnSubspeciesAndroidNative"| CZ["fork native child Zygote<br/>(re-init as subspecies)"]
    AN --> FORK["fork() child"]
    LA --> FORK
    FORK --> SPEC["speciate() then gestate()<br/>FD sanitize, seccomp, caps, sched"]
    SPEC --> APP["new app process"]

FD inheritance is now governed by explicit, dated allow-lists in each species (android_native.rs lines 41-77): each AllowListEntry records a reviewer and review date, and a unit test (species.rs allow_list_audit) fails the build when an entry goes stale (> 365 days). The transport also moved from a hand-rolled loop to epoll, with coalesced SIGCHLD handling and child exit status forwarded to ActivityManager over the unsolicited Zygote socket.

ART: pantherlake x86 target. ART adds Intel Panther Lake -- Intel's client (consumer/mobile) CPU generation, newer than the Kaby Lake / Alder Lake parts already known to ART -- as a recognized x86 / x86-64 instruction-set variant (art/runtime/arch/x86/instruction_set_features_x86.cc lines 43-115). Like other Intel client silicon it exposes AVX/AVX2 but not server-only AVX-512, so the variant is registered with SSSE3, SSE4.1/4.2, POPCNT, and AVX/AVX2 (feature string ssse3,sse4.1,sse4.2,avx,avx2,popcnt, bitmap 63) -- the same AVX2 tier as alderlake/kabylake, verified by the X86FeaturesFromPantherlakeVariant unit test for both 32- and 64-bit. Naming this variant lets dex2oat emit 256-bit AVX2-vectorized code for these CPUs on x86-64 Android targets such as the emulator and x86 form factors.

DEX container format V41. The runtime treats DEX version 41 as the container format (art/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h line 112, kDexContainerVersion = 41; HeaderV41 at line 181). V41 files carry a container offset/size so multiple logical DEX files share one backing buffer; profile machinery was updated for the V41-only location syntax. HasDexContainer() / ContainerSize() (lines 165-174) gate the new behavior.

Value and record classes. mirror::Class gains first-class IsValueClass()/SetValueClass() and IsRecordClass()/SetRecordClass() accessors (art/runtime/mirror/class.h lines 341-357), backed by new mirror::Class flags (kClassFlagValue/kClassFlagRecord). This is groundwork for Valhalla-style value classes; records are now treated as normal classes carrying the record flag.

GC tuning. The collector re-enables eager MADV_FREE-based page release under the concurrent-copying GC (reverting an earlier temporary disable; art/runtime/gc/collector/garbage_collector.cc ~line 465), and GC knobs are now reported through the ArtDeviceStatus pulled atom for fleet telemetry.

Generational mark-compact (CMC) GC. The mark-compact collector gains a generational mode behind the use_generational_cmc aconfig flag (art/build/flags/art-flags.aconfig, art_performance namespace), gated at runtime by ShouldUseGenerationalGC() (art/runtime/gc/collector/mark_compact.cc). A minor GC traces and compacts only recently-allocated objects rather than the whole heap, promoting survivors by age.

Static final fields no longer reflectively writable at SDK 37. For apps targeting SDK 37, ArtField::IsUnmodifiable() (art/runtime/art_field-inl.h) returns true for ordinary static final fields, so reflective (java_lang_reflect_Field.cc) and JNI (jni_internal.cc) writes throw IllegalAccessException instead of silently mutating a constant.

Lock-free MessageQueue at SDK 37. Android 17 adds a concurrent MessageQueue reimplementation selected by the release_package_messagequeue_implementation Soong config; the default CombinedMessageQueue (frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/CombinedMessageQueue/MessageQueue.java, the config's conditions_default) picks at runtime between the legacy synchronized queue and a VarHandle-CAS "DeliQueue", switching to the lock-free path for system processes and apps gated by the USE_NEW_MESSAGEQUEUE compat change (@EnabledAfter(BAKLAVA), SDK 37+).

Notable integrations

APEX: shrinking the runtime mount surface. apexd continues to remove runtime components from the bootstrap APEX set. The com.android.runtime APEX is now gated behind RELEASE_DEPRECATE_RUNTIME_APEX in the bootstrap list (system/apex/apexd/apexd.cpp lines 169-180): when set, the runtime APEX disappears and its contents move into the base system image.

EROFS file-backed mounts (no loop device). A major mounting change lets apexd mount EROFS-format APEX payloads directly from the file, skipping the loop device entirely (system/apex/apexd/apexd.cpp lines 522-534): when file-backed mount is enabled, the payload is mounted with a fsoffset= option pointing at the in-APEX image. This is controlled by the erofs_file_backed_mount aconfig flag and runtime properties (apexd_mount.cpp lines 38-120). A companion microdroid_no_loop_device flag lets Microdroid activate block APEXes via dm-linear instead of loop devices. Together these cut the per-APEX loop-device cost as the mainline module set keeps growing. apexd also enables Direct I/O on loop devices and dm-verity verification in a tasklet for APEX payloads.

D.6 Framework Core

The Framework Core delta is dominated by frameworks/base (15,196 commits). This section covers the genuinely platform-level changes: the new SDK level, new system services with public/system API surfaces, a new mainline SDK-extension version, and the maturation of desktop windowing in WindowManager Shell.

New API level

Android 17 is API level 37, codename CINNAMON_BUN. The constant lives in frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Build.java:

• VERSION_CODES.CINNAMON_BUN = 37 (Build.java:1318), following BAKLAVA = 36.
• VERSION_CODES_FULL.CINNAMON_BUN = 3700000 (Build.java:1545) — the full-version encoding (SDK_INT_MULTIPLIER = 100000) introduced to carry minor versions alongside the major SDK_INT. Both SDK_INT_FULL and VERSION_CODES_FULL.CINNAMON_BUN are public API (core/api/current.txt:34998, :35049).

The 17 public API surface is core/api/current.txt (~65k lines); new feature areas surface there and in core/api/system-current.txt.

New modules

AdvancedProtectionService — a new device-hardening framework (Advanced Protection Mode). A single user-facing toggle drives a set of independent security "features" that each tighten one subsystem.

• System service: frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/security/advancedprotection/AdvancedProtectionService.java, registered in services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java:1868.
• Public/system API: frameworks/base/core/java/android/security/advancedprotection/AdvancedProtectionManager.java, reachable via Context.ADVANCED_PROTECTION_SERVICE = "advanced_protection" (Context.java:6873); isAdvancedProtectionEnabled() plus register/unregister callbacks are public (core/api/current.txt:42225).
• Feature hooks under .../advancedprotection/features/: DisallowCellular2GAdvancedProtectionHook, DisallowInstallUnknownSourcesAdvancedProtectionHook, UsbDataAdvancedProtectionHook, MemoryTaggingExtensionHook (MTE). The @SystemApi feature IDs in AdvancedProtectionManager (DISALLOW_CELLULAR_2G=0 … DISALLOW_USB=2, DISALLOW_WEP=3, ENABLE_MTE=4, plus insecure-Wi-Fi-autojoin and a11y-restriction) map one-to-one to those hooks.

SupervisionService — a first-class supervision (parental-controls) framework, splitting supervision out from DevicePolicy.

• System service: frameworks/base/services/supervision/java/com/android/server/supervision/SupervisionService.java (with SupervisionSettings, SupervisionUserData, SupervisionPolicyMigrator, SupervisionRecoveryInfoStorage), registered at SystemServer.java:1705.
• API/AIDL surface: frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/supervision/ — SupervisionManager.java, ISupervisionManager.aidl, Policy.java/PolicyKey.java, PackageUsagePolicy.java, SupervisionRecoveryInfo. SystemUI and SettingsLib gained supervision/ packages consuming it.

AiSeal — a new system service mediating access to an AiSeal virtual machine for on-device AI host services (landed very late, Nov 2025).

• Service: AiSealSystemService, registered at SystemServer.java:3024.
• API (@SystemApi, flag-gated android.aiseal.aiseal_host_apis): frameworks/base/core/java/android/aiseal/AiSealManager.java with connectService(String), plus Context.AISEAL_HOST_SERVICE = "aiseal_host" and PackageManager.FEATURE_AISEAL (core/api/system-current.txt:674, :4513, :5065).

NpuManager (npu) — a flag-gated (com.android.npumanager.npumanager_enabled) NPU model-management surface. Only mock dirs exist under core/java/android/npumanager/mock and core/java/android/ranging/mock; the API hooks (Context.NPU_SERVICE = "npu", PackageManager.FEATURE_NEURAL_PROCESSING_UNIT, system permissions) are declared in core/api/*.txt behind the flag, so treat this as a reserved/preview surface in frameworks/base rather than a shipped service (the real module lives under packages/modules/NpuManager, see D.12).

Architecture changes

Desktop windowing maturation (WindowManager Shell). The largest WM-Shell expansion is the desktopmode package: frameworks/base/libs/WindowManager/Shell/src/com/android/wm/shell/desktopmode/ is now one of WM-Shell's largest packages. DesktopTasksController.kt is the core orchestrator; supporting pieces include DesktopImmersiveController, DesktopUserRepositories, DesktopMixedTransitionHandler, DragToDesktopTransitionHandler, DesktopModeMoveToDisplayTransitionHandler/CrossDisplay handling, DesktopWallpaperActivity, and a sibling desktopai/ package. Multi-display desktop (move-to-display, cross-display transitions), home-screen peek hot corners, and per-user desktop repositories are the notable additions over 16.

Desktop windowing transition flow (Shell):

flowchart TD
  User["User drag / caption action"] --> Ctrl["DesktopTasksController"]
  Ctrl --> Repo["DesktopUserRepositories (per-user desk state)"]
  Ctrl --> Drag["DragToDesktopTransitionHandler"]
  Ctrl --> Enter["EnterDesktopTaskTransitionHandler"]
  Ctrl --> Move["DesktopModeMoveToDisplayTransitionHandler (cross-display)"]
  Drag --> WMCore["WindowManager core (Transitions)"]
  Enter --> WMCore
  Move --> WMCore
  Ctrl --> Listener["IDesktopTaskListener (SysUI / Launcher)"]

SystemUI scene container (flexiglass). SystemUI continues the shade/keyguard rewrite around the scene framework under frameworks/base/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/scene/ (data, domain, ui/{view,viewmodel,compose}, shared). Numerous [flexiglass] and [Desktop] shade/status-bar commits feed this; the Compose-backed SceneWindowRootView path is the direction of travel for the shade and lockscreen.

Large-screen orientation/resizability opt-out removed at SDK 37. For apps targeting SDK 37, the window manager stops honoring resizeableActivity and the restricted-resizability property on large screens (>600dp), forcing universal resizability; the SDK gate is DISABLE_OPT_OUT_UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT (frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/AppCompatResizeOverrides.java).

Reduced activity relaunch on config changes. At SDK 37 a set of config changes (keyboard, keyboard-hidden, navigation, touchscreen, color-mode) no longer recreates the activity by default; the masked set is RECREATE_ON_CONFIG_CHANGES_MASK (frameworks/base/core/java/android/internal/pm/pkg/component/ParsedActivityUtils.java) and an app opts a change back into relaunch via the android:recreateOnConfigChanges manifest attribute, enforced by AppCompatRecreateOnConfigChangePolicy.

Custom notification view memory cap. SystemUI now verifies that a notification's custom RemoteViews stay under a memory limit (config_notificationStripRemoteViewSizeBytes, ~5 MB) via NotificationCustomContentMemoryVerifier (frameworks/base/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/notification/row/NotificationCustomContentMemoryVerifier.kt); for SDK 37 apps an oversized view drops the notification rather than only logging a warning.

Notable integrations

SDK Extensions version 22 + new "C" extension. packages/modules/SdkExtensions bumped the extension database to version 22 (gen_sdk/extensions_db.textpb tail — ART/CONSCRYPT/MEDIA/MEDIAPROVIDER/PERMISSIONS/STATSD/TETHERING/APPSEARCH/etc. all at 22). The releases mechanism gained a new per-dessert extension axis for Android 17, "c":

• derive_sdk/derive_sdk.cpp:85 iterates desserts {"r","s","t","ad_services","u","v","b","c"}; :244 adds relevant_modules.insert(kCModules…) and sets the c extension when IsAtLeastC().
• sdk-extensions-info.xml gained the C extension entries; Conscrypt was added to SDK extensions (incl. EchConfigList/InvalidEchDataException ECH APIs), and android.net.dns/DnsResolver were exposed S+. AD_SERVICES/EXT_SERVICES are frozen at 20 per gen_sdk/gen_sdk.py:134.

This is the mainline-API mechanism that lets modules ship API additions to older OS versions independently of the OS dessert; v22 is the Android 17 baseline, and the new c axis lets future module updates target "Android 17+".

D.7 Framework Services

Android 17 reorganizes several framework-service-adjacent subsystems. The headline is a brand-new native memory daemon (mmd) taking over ZRAM management from system_server and adding per-process writeback/prefetch. The Permission/Privacy module grows an agent-activity surface and Private Compute Core (PCC) awareness, while UprobeStats and Profiling ship as prebuilt module SDKs.

New projects

system/memory/mmd (Modern Memory Daemon). Android 17 introduces mmd, a new native Rust daemon centralizing memory-management configuration and ZRAM tunables (system/memory/mmd/README.md), unifying what was fragmented across swapon_all, config.xml overlays and ro.zram.* properties and pulling swap management out of system_server. It registers a Binder service named mmd (system/memory/mmd/src/main.rs:203-205) exposing the IMmd AIDL interface (system/memory/mmd/aidl/android/os/IMmd.aidl). A dedicated mmd_setup service (system/memory/mmd/src/mmd_setup.rs), started by init, performs first-boot ZRAM activation. When mmd.zram.enabled is set, ZRAM setup inside swapon_all becomes a no-op and the legacy overlay config is ignored.

New modules

UprobeStats prebuilt module SDK. The uprobe-based tracing module (attaching BPF uprobes to instrument method calls and emitting results as statsd atoms) now ships a prebuilt module SDK: sdk { name: "uprobestats-module-sdk" } (packages/modules/UprobeStats/apex/Android.bp:87-88). In A17 its Rust core crate gained a typed UprobeStatsError and a Handler trait carrying MAP_PATH/PROG_PATH constants, granular BPF-attachment error reporting, and batched event delivery in UprobeStatsBridgeServiceImpl. New BPF handlers cover accessibility and "disruptive app" detection, plus generic instrumentation resolving primitive call arguments from registers.

Profiling prebuilt module SDK + anomaly detector. The on-device Profiling module likewise ships sdk { name: "profiling-module-sdk" } (packages/modules/Profiling/apex/Android.bp:103-104). A17 adds an AnomalyDetectorService (.../anomaly-detector/service/java/com/android/os/profiling/anomaly/AnomalyDetectorService.java), gated by an anomaly_detector_core_c flag, that evaluates rule-based signals (such as a BinderSpamAnomalyDetector) and triggers Perfetto traces. A dedicated MemoryAnomalyRateLimiter throttles memory-limit anomaly profiling before requests reach ProfilingService.

Web App (PWA) service. New com.android.webapp APEX installs/manages Progressive Web Apps, publishing WebAppManager under Context.WEB_APP_SERVICE ("web_app") via an AIDL system service, gated by enable_web_app_service_v2 (namespace lse_desktop_experience) (packages/modules/WebApp/framework/java/android/content/pm/webapp/WebAppManager.java).

Wired Serial API + native daemon. A wired serial-port API (Context.SERIAL_SERVICE, "serial"), distinct from USB serial: SerialManager/SerialPort in frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/serial/, backed by SerialManagerService in SystemServer.java. A Rust daemon registers the lazy binder native_serial behind the enable_wired_serial_api flag (frameworks/native/services/serialservice/rust/service.rs:53).

Process Memory Guardian Daemon (pmgd). Native Rust per-process daemon watching each target process's cgroup-v2 memory.high pressure and anon_limit_in_mb, killing offenders after a reclaim grace period and emitting kill telemetry as statsd atoms (system/memory/guardian/README.md). Complements mmd with granular per-process enforcement.

New system_server services. Three managers join SystemServer.java, each with a Context.*_SERVICE constant: MultisensoryService (audio-haptic, MULTISENSORY_MANAGER_SERVICE), ContentRestrictionService (CONTENT_RESTRICTION_SERVICE), and PccSandboxManagerService (Private Compute Core, PCC_SANDBOX_SERVICE) (frameworks/base/core/java/android/content/Context.java).

Architecture changes

mmd ZRAM lifecycle and per-process writeback/prefetch. After boot, mmd_setup activates ZRAM and calls swapon with an optional swap priority; A17 added explicit swap-priority and multi-device support (mmd.zram.num_devices, per-device properties), packing priority into the swap flags via SWAP_FLAG_PREFER (system/memory/mmd/src/zram/setup.rs:40-73). ZRAM maintenance (idle writeback, recompression) is no longer driven by system_server's own logic; system_server sends doZramMaintenanceAsync() hints over Binder and mmd applies its own policy.

The genuinely new low-memory path is per-process ZRAM operations. IMmd gained supportsProcessMemoryZramOps(), asyncWritebackProcessZramMemory(pidfd, callback) and asyncPrefetchProcessZramMemory(pidfd) (system/memory/mmd/aidl/android/os/IMmd.aidl:51-80). Writeback targets a single process by pidfd, pushes its ZRAM-resident pages to the backing device, and reports a WritebackStatus plus bytes written through IMmdProcessWritebackCallback. Prefetch is the inverse: it pulls a process's written-back pages back into the compressed pool before a cached app is resumed. These ride new zram kernel ioctls (ZRAM_ANDROID_IOC_PROCESS_WRITEBACK_CMD, ..._PREFETCH_CMD) wrapped in system/memory/mmd/src/zram/per_process_ioctls.rs.

Internally MmdService runs a two-level work queue (system/memory/mmd/src/service.rs:68-146): prefetch goes on a high-priority prefetch_work deque, writeback and periodic maintenance on low-priority other_work. A prefetch request for a pid cancels any still-pending writeback for that process (matched via pidfds_likely_equals), so a resume cannot race a writeback about to evict the very pages being prefetched.

mmd per-process ZRAM writeback and prefetch flow

flowchart TD
    SS["system_server<br/>(LMK / cached-app policy)"] -->|"asyncWritebackProcessZramMemory(pidfd, cb)"| MS["mmd MmdService<br/>(IMmd binder)"]
    SS -->|"asyncPrefetchProcessZramMemory(pidfd)"| MS
    MS -->|"low-prio queue"| WB["Writeback worker"]
    MS -->|"high-prio queue<br/>(cancels matching writeback)"| PF["Prefetch worker"]
    WB -->|"PROCESS_WRITEBACK ioctl"| ZR["zram device"]
    PF -->|"PROCESS_PREFETCH ioctl"| ZR
    ZR -->|"evicted pages"| BD["writeback backing device<br/>(/data/per_boot/zram/zram_swap)"]
    BD -->|"pages restored on prefetch"| ZR
    WB -->|"onProcessMemoryWritebackComplete(status, bytesWritten)"| SS

Permission / Privacy: agent activity and PCC awareness. The Permission module (PermissionController, role-controller, Safety Center, 533 commits) has two architectural threads. First, a new agent activity / agent timeline privacy surface tracks which AI agents accessed user data, with 24-hour and 7-day windows, under new appinteraction and appfunctions source trees (e.g. .../permissioncontroller/appinteraction/domain/model/v31/AgentActivityItem.kt, .../appfunctions/ui/handheld/v37/AgentUsageDetailsFragment.kt) behind an agent-activity flag. Second, Private Compute Core awareness threads through permission/Safety Center UID checks: Safety Center resolves a PCC sandbox UID back to its owning app UID before comparison (packages/modules/Permission/.../safetycenter/SafetyCenterService.java), and the PERSONAL_CONTEXT_* signature permissions are now marked allowedInPrivateComputeCore.

Private space role policy. Role qualification gained per-package and cross-user hooks. RoleBehavior adds isPackageAllowedToBypassQualificationAsUser(...), and Role now treats EXCLUSIVITY_PROFILE_GROUP roles as unavailable to private-space profiles unless the device is organization-owned (.../role-controller/java/com/android/role/controller/model/{RoleBehavior,Role}.java).

Notable integrations

statsd metrics pipeline and io_uring. The StatsD module (130 commits) added an io_uring-based socket listener for atom ingestion, guarded behind a new minimum API level 37: IO_URING_API_VERSION 37, activated only when both flags::use_iouring_socket_listener() and runtime support are present (packages/modules/StatsD/statsd/src/main.cpp:52-119). statsd also handles SIGTERM cleanly via its stop() path and refines UID mapping for sandbox/SDK-sandbox UIDs.

mmd as a statsd producer. mmd reports its own ZRAM telemetry as statsd atoms via statslog_rust: ZramSetupExecuted from the setup service, plus ZramMaintenanceExecuted/ZramMmStatMmd/ZramIoStatMmd/ZramBdStatMmd from maintenance (system/memory/mmd/src/atom.rs:29-39). UprobeStats and the Profiling anomaly detector are likewise statsd producers, so A17's memory, tracing, profiling and metrics subsystems are increasingly stitched together through the statsd pipeline.

PartnerBookmarksProvider (packages/providers/PartnerBookmarksProvider) is a small read-only provider exposing an OEM/carrier's preloaded browser bookmarks; query() serves rows from res/values/ string arrays through a MatrixCursor while insert/update/delete throw UnsupportedOperationException.

Notification semantic color API. Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(int) (frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/Notification.java:1039, flag api_notification_semantic_style) lets a Live Update tag text spans with a meaning -- SEMANTIC_STYLE_INFO/SAFE/CAUTION/DANGER (Notification.java:967-1009) -- and the platform picks a palette (blue/green/orange/red) that survives Material You theming, dark mode, and high-contrast accessibility instead of hard-coding RGB. See Chapter 28, Section 28.20.5.

D.8 Connectivity

Android 17's connectivity surface is dominated by one cross-cutting theme: generic ranging. A new system service unifies UWB, Bluetooth Channel Sounding, Wi-Fi RTT and BLE RSSI behind a single RangingManager API, and the controller-level stacks in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and UWB all grew the primitives that feed it. Alongside ranging, Wi-Fi gained a new Unsynchronized Service Discovery (USD) service, NFC added a gesture-exchange API for tap-to-X, and telephony continued building out satellite / NTN support.

New projects

hardware/nxp/uwb -- NXP UWB vendor HAL. A new repository providing a concrete vendor implementation of the android.hardware.uwb AIDL HAL for NXP's SR1XX UWB chipset family. Previously the tree shipped only the HAL interface and a stub; this repo carries a shippable implementation OEMs using NXP silicon can build directly.

The AIDL service implements IUwb/IUwbChip (hardware/nxp/uwb/aidl/uwb.h:33, uwb_chip.h:35) and registers as android.hardware.uwb-service.nxp (init service vendor.uwb_hal, declaring IUwb v1). The thin AIDL layer bridges into the legacy NXP HAL core -- open()/coreInit()/sendUciMessage() forward to phNxpUciHal_open/_coreInitialization/_write (hardware/nxp/uwb/aidl/uwb_chip.cpp:69,90,101) -- with the bulk of the logic (HBCI firmware download, TML transport, calibration, session/time-sync) under halimpl/ and board profiles like example_config/SR1XX. This is what makes UWB hardware ranging work on NXP-based devices feeding the ranging stack below.

New modules

Generic Ranging stack (packages/modules/Uwb/ranging). A new multi-technology ranging subsystem ships inside the UWB module, exposing the public android.ranging framework (50 classes under packages/modules/Uwb/ranging/framework/java/android/ranging), fronted by RangingManager registered as the Context.RANGING_SERVICE system service (RangingManager.java:55). The backing RangingService extends SystemService and publishBinderService(Context.RANGING_SERVICE, ...) (service/.../RangingService.java:25,38); SystemServer loads it from the UWB apex JAR via startServiceFromJar(RANGING_SERVICE_CLASS, RANGING_APEX_SERVICE_JAR_PATH) (frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java:3310-3312).

The service abstracts six underlying technologies behind a common RangingAdapter (service/.../RangingTechnology.java:39-46): UWB, CS (Bluetooth Channel Sounding, formerly HADM), RTT and RTT_STATION (Wi-Fi 802.11mc), RSSI (BLE) and WIFI_PD (Wi-Fi Proximity Detection). Per-technology API params live in subpackages (ble/cs/BleCsRangingParams, wifi/rtt/RttRangingParams, wifi/pd/WifiPdRangingParams, uwb/UwbRangingParams). Apps express a RangingPreference/SessionConfig and the service picks, fuses and switches technologies at runtime through a fusion engine (FilteringFusionEngine, DataFusers) and session engine classes including make-before-break / break-before-make handoff. Out-of-band negotiation (oob/) lets two devices agree on a technology over BLE.

Wi-Fi USD service (packages/modules/Wifi/.../usd). Unsynchronized Service Discovery gets a dedicated @SystemApi UsdManager (framework/java/android/net/wifi/usd/UsdManager.java:65-67, gated on Flags.FLAG_USD) registered as Context.WIFI_USD_SERVICE (WifiFrameworkInitializer.java:124-132), with PublishSession/SubscribeSession and a new IUsdManager AIDL. USD also threads into Wi-Fi Aware and Wi-Fi P2P (WifiP2pUsdBasedServiceDiscoveryConfig, plus WifiP2pUsdBasedServiceResponse in the nsd/ subpackage).

USB device authorization (frameworks/native/services/usbauthservice). A new Rust daemon implementing the IUsbAuthManager binder service (service.rs:15) behind the framework-internal android.hardware.usb.auth AIDL interface (Android.bp:23, depends on android.hardware.usb.auth-rust; defined in frameworks/base/core/java/Android.bp, not a vendor HAL). It authorizes attached USB devices against an allow / interactive-PIN policy engine (rules.rs, authorization.rs) -- desktop / large-screen security hardening.

AOSP IMS stack (packages/modules/ImsStack). A full in-tree IMS stack shipped as the com.android.imsstack privileged app (java/.../ImsStackApp.java, java/Android.bp:111): a Java service over JNI driving a native libimsstack C++ SIP engine (native/libimsstack/Android.bp, cc_library_shared "libimsstack").

LE Audio Peripheral (server) role (packages/modules/Bluetooth). The stack gained an in-stack LE Audio server/acceptor role -- the "BAP Peripheral" LeAudioServer (system/bta/le_audio/server/server.cc:63,66) -- backed by new Rust ISO and periodic-sync managers (system/rust/src/le_audio/iso_manager/manager.rs, periodic_advertising_sync/manager.rs), complementing the LE Audio HAL / broadcast-sink noted in D.3.

Mainline supplicant (packages/modules/Wifi) -- architecture change. wpa_supplicant is moving into the Wi-Fi mainline module via the unstable IMainlineSupplicant AIDL (aidl/mainline_supplicant/.../IMainlineSupplicant.aidl:26), reached through MainlineSupplicantAidlManager binding the wifi_mainline_supplicant service (service/.../MainlineSupplicantAidlManager.java:44,46).

Architecture changes

Bluetooth Channel Sounding feeds the ranging stack. The Bluetooth stack gained a Channel Sounding pipeline: the GD HCI channel_sounding/ metrics layer, a distance_measurement_manager_impl driving METHOD_CS sessions with security levels and producing distance/velocity results (system/gd/hci/distance_measurement_manager_impl.cc:45,361), and the RAS (Ranging Service GATT profile) types under system/bta/ras/. A new enforce_security_for_ranging flag hardens CS ranging sessions, and the results surface to apps via the CS adapter in the generic ranging service. Bluetooth (packages/modules/Bluetooth, the release's largest module delta) also continued its LE Audio buildout in parallel.

How the generic ranging service multiplexes the radios:

graph TD
  App["App"] -->|"RangingManager / RangingPreference"| RS["RangingService (RANGING_SERVICE)"]
  RS --> FE["FusionEngine (FilteringFusionEngine)"]
  FE --> UWBA["UWB adapter"]
  FE --> CSA["CS adapter (Bluetooth Channel Sounding)"]
  FE --> RTTA["Wi-Fi RTT / RTT_STATION adapter"]
  FE --> PDA["Wi-Fi PD adapter"]
  FE --> RSSIA["BLE RSSI adapter"]
  UWBA -->|"UCI"| UHAL["android.hardware.uwb HAL (NXP SR1XX)"]
  CSA --> BT["Bluetooth stack (distance_measurement_manager)"]
  RTTA --> WIFI["Wi-Fi stack (802.11mc / NAN)"]
  PDA --> WIFI
  RSSIA --> BT

Notable integrations

Telephony satellite / NTN. The satellite stack under frameworks/opt/telephony/.../satellite keeps expanding: carrier-roaming NTN APIs (isInCarrierRoamingNtnMode, getCarrierRoamingNtnAvailableServices), NR-NTN signal-strength keys (SSRSRP/SSRSRQ/SSSINR), satellite enable/suspend APIs, emergency-messaging routing carrier configs, and new RIL constants for the 26Q2 Satellite HAL. NtnCapabilityResolver, SatellitePlmnNetworkInfo and SatelliteController carry the bulk; the framework now lists satellite PLMNs and ICCID to the modem via updateSystemSelectionChannels. On the app side, packages/services/Telephony tracked these with satellite messaging/SOS UI and carrier-config plumbing.

NFC gesture exchange / tap-to-X. NFC added a NfcGestureExchangeCallbackListener and PERFORM_GESTURE_EXCHANGE-gated APIs (packages/modules/Nfc/framework/java/android/nfc/) plus home-screen tap-to-X routing, building on the existing observe-mode and wallet-role infrastructure. Observe mode's "always on" variant was removed.

Wi-Fi Aware. Aware reporting and pairing matured: group-key cipher-suite reporting, AwarePairingConfig / supplicant-driven pairing verification with NPKSA handling, USD-based discovery, and UsdPeerId carried in RangingResult -- another path connecting Aware discovery to the unified ranging results.

Connectivity (Tethering/NetworkStack). The 877-commit Connectivity delta is mostly incremental hardening of Tethering, NetworkStack and ConnectivityService; the notable new-capability item is the device-to-device path under nearby/ gated by enable_d2d_connectivity_service (packages/modules/Connectivity/nearby/flags/d2d_connectivity.aconfig).

usesCleartextTraffic deprecation. Apps targeting SDK 37 no longer have the android:usesCleartextTraffic manifest flag honored; the compat change DEPRECATE_USES_CLEARTEXT_TRAFFIC (frameworks/base/packages/NetworkSecurityConfig/.../NetworkSecurityConfig.java) routes cleartext policy entirely through Network Security Config XML so per-domain rules apply instead of a single global toggle.

Wi-Fi RTT 802.11az secure ranging. Wi-Fi RTT gains 802.11az secure ranging behind the secure_ranging flag: SecureRangingConfig and PasnConfig (packages/modules/Wifi/framework/java/android/net/wifi/rtt/) negotiate PASN (Pre-Association Security Negotiation) to authenticate and protect FTM frames, with open/opportunistic/authenticated modes and RangingResult.isRangingAuthenticated()/isRangingFrameProtected() status.

UWB OOB ranging spec v2/v3. The UWB module extends its out-of-band ranging packet format (packages/modules/Uwb/ranging/service/oob/oob_packets.pdl) so two devices can exchange ranging parameters over a side channel (NFC/BLE) before opening the UWB session, feeding the generic ranging stack in D.8.

Integrated VoIP call logs. Self-managed VoIP apps can write into the shared system call log (CallLog.Calls, new UUID column) gated by telecom_integrated_call_log flags; CallAttributes.setLogExcluded()/setContactUri() (frameworks/base/telecomm/framework/java/android/telecom/CallAttributes.java) control per-call inclusion, and dialers query VoIP calls via INCLUDE_VOIP_CALLS_PARAM_KEY.

OTT call auto-routing to a premium slice. When a transactional self-managed VoIP call starts, the system requests a premium 5G slice on the app's behalf via NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_UNIFIED_COMMUNICATIONS (value 38, packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java); ConnectivityService maps the request onto modem URSP rules, and an app opts out through PhoneAccount.CAPABILITY_OPT_OUT_OF_PREMIUM_NETWORK.

SIM Toolkit app (Stk). The bundled SIM Toolkit UI (packages/apps/Stk, package com.android.stk) runs inside the phone process and renders proactive SIM commands: CatService broadcasts CAT_CMD_ACTION (guarded by RECEIVE_STK_COMMANDS) to StkAppService, which switches on the CommandType and launches the matching activity (StkDialogActivity, StkMenuActivity, StkInputActivity, tone player).

D.9 Security

Android 17 reshapes the hardware-backed security stack around two themes: moving the secure services (KeyMint, SecureClock, SharedSecret, RKP, Gatekeeper) into protected VMs, and introducing a general in-process sandboxing primitive (LFI) so untrusted native code can run inside trusted processes. Several new repos appear: a dedicated Weaver implementation, the SEE AuthMgr, and an out-of-tree key-attestation verification library.

New projects

system/lfi — Lightweight Fault Isolation runtime support. A new repo holding the shared glue to compile and load LFI-sandboxed libraries. Per system/lfi/README.md it has three pieces: boxrt (runtime stubs linked into the sandboxed library, e.g. abort/brk/pause as raw svc syscalls in boxrt/boxrt_minimal.c), allocator (a thread-safe spinlock minimal allocator, allocator/alloc.c), and relocator (a minimal -static-pie loader doing relocations for lfi-bind, relocator/relocate.c + start.S). LFI is the software-fault-isolation scheme from Stanford/LLVM that confines a library's memory accesses and control flow to a sandbox region via verified machine code rather than a separate address space. system/lfi/Android.bp defines cc_defaults system_lfi_defaults (lfi_supported: true, nocrt, stl: "none", statically linking libc_lfi/libm_lfi, arm64-only, apex_available: ["com.android.media.swcodec"]) — the first production consumer is the swcodec APEX.

system/weaver — Weaver anti-rollback secret storage TA. A new Rust workspace (Cargo.toml members ta, wire) implementing the IWeaver HAL backed by a secure-environment trusted application. Weaver stores per-slot key/value secrets for credential throttling: each Slot (ta/src/lib.rs) holds a slot_key, slot_value, last_checked_timestamp, and failure_counter, and the TA returns Error::IncorrectKey(ms) / Error::Throttle(ms) to enforce hardware-backed retry back-off that survives reboots. The HAL service (hal/src/lib.rs) is a thin IWeaver binder shim serializing requests as CBOR over a SerializedChannel to the TA, reusing the shared system/security/hals/* channel + wire crates.

system/see/authmgr — Secure Execution Environment authentication manager. Rust crates split into a frontend (authmgr-fe), backend (authmgr-be, authmgr-be-impl, authmgr-be-storage-impl), and authmgr-common, plus a secure-storage-aidl-wrapper. AuthMgr implements hardware/interfaces/security/see/authmgr/IAuthMgrAuthorization.aidl (cited in authmgr-fe/src/authorization.rs), authenticating protected VMs (pVMs) to secure-side trusted apps using DICE certificate chains and policies: AuthMgrFe::authenticate presents an ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain + SignedConnectionRequest, and the backend deduplicates instances by instance-id and DICE mode and enforces rollback protection. The 42 commits add two DICE-chain modes per instance id, override points for DICE policy, and secure-storage staging/commit plus read_file/write_file APIs.

New modules

external/lfi/* — LFI toolchain (external, integration only). Upstream components vendored to back the in-process sandbox: lfi-verifier (validates an ELF emits only sandbox-safe instructions), lfi-runtime (liblfi: reserves/maps the sandbox address space, transfers control in/out, emulates host calls), lfi-bind (Go trampoline generator), rlbox/rlbox-lfi (RLBox API with an LFI backend), and disarm/fadec (AArch64/x86 decoders for the verifier). Integrated, not modified: the build links liblfi and the sandboxed libopus_lfi into frameworks/av/media/module/libapexcodecs, and codec2 takes the in-process path when android.media.codec.in_process_sw_codec_lfi is set (frameworks/av/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp:1909,2034) — running an untrusted software decoder inside the codec process with memory safety enforced by verified code rather than a separate process.

external/keyattestation — Android Key Attestation verifier (external, integration only). A Kotlin library (Android.bp builds java_library "keyattestation", visible to //frameworks/base/core/java and vendor) verifying key-attestation certificate chains produced by KeyMint/RKP. Its Verifier takes trust-anchor, revoked-serial, and time sources and returns a VerificationResult exposing the attested public key, security level, verified-boot state, and device info, with pluggable ChallengeCheckers. It ships its own root set (roots.json, keyattestation_roots filegroup), mirrored from github.com/android/keyattestation.

Architecture changes

KeyMint and friends move into a protected VM (keymint-in-vm). The largest sepolicy theme this cycle (system/sepolicy, 452 commits) is exposing the hardware security HALs from inside a VM. New accessor service support is defined, and accessor permissions are added for IRemotelyProvisionedComponent, ISecureClock, ISharedSecret, IProvisioning, and (separately) gatekeeper-in-vm for IGatekeeper. ISharedSecret/security_vm and a KeyMint provisioning service context are added to service_contexts. The effect: KeyMint, RKP, SecureClock, SharedSecret, and Gatekeeper can run in a security_vm (Microdroid/pVM), reached by the platform through accessor services rather than a vendor HIDL/AIDL HAL on the host. This is what AuthMgr's pVM authentication underpins.

KeyMint reference TA gains ML-DSA (post-quantum) keys. system/keymint (63 commits) adds ML-DSA signature support to the Rust reference TA, including ML-DSA-87 and PKCS#8 seed import. Keystore2 follows: system/security/keystore2/src/key_parameter.rs and security_level.rs handle ML-DSA, metrics record ML-DSA variants, and Algorithm.aidl adds the enum. KeyMint also reworks attestation: attestation IDs are parsed out of the KeyParam list, Cow strings hold the application attestation id and encoded Root-of-Trust, and destroying attestation IDs is removed in HAL v5 / AIDL >= 500. The timestamp interface is consolidated into the KeyMint HAL (hal_timestamp_service removed from hal_keymint).

The diagram below shows how an untrusted software codec runs inside the trusted swcodec process under LFI.

LFI in-process software-codec sandbox flow

flowchart TD
  subgraph build["Build time (Soong)"]
    SRC["libopus source"] --> LFIC["LFI compiler (-static-pie)"]
    LFIC --> BIND["lfi-bind: gen init + trampolines"]
    BIND --> VER["lfi-verifier: liblfiv (LFI_BOX_FULL)"]
    VER --> SBLIB["libopus_lfi (verified sandbox lib)"]
  end
  subgraph rt["Runtime: com.android.media.swcodec APEX process"]
    CLIENT["codec2 client (in_process_sw_codec_lfi flag)"] --> APEXC["libapexcodecs"]
    APEXC --> LIBLFI["liblfi runtime: reserve sandbox region + host calls"]
    LIBLFI --> SBLIB2["libopus_lfi runs in-process (boxrt + allocator)"]
  end
  SBLIB --> SBLIB2

Notable integrations

• RKP module (packages/modules/RemoteKeyProvisioning, the com.android.rkpd APEX, 55 commits): hardening rather than new architecture — fallback to a default provisioning URL when the server omits/returns a bad one, reset-to-default config on repeated failures/boot, Widevine provisioning moved to the request POST body and gated on model + OEMCrypto/crypto version, device-reset reporting via UnverifiedDeviceInfo, and support for the updated requestSignedCertificates server API and Sigma.
• Weaver warmup/timeout flags (android.security.enable_weaver_warmup, enable_weaver_get_timeout, frameworks/base/core/java/android/security/flags.aconfig) are consumed by LockSettingsService and the keyguard/bouncer UI to pre-warm the Weaver TA before the credential prompt, reducing unlock latency for the new throttling path. The framework flag pairs with a new HAL-level IWeaver.warmUp() hint in Weaver v3 (hardware/interfaces/weaver/aidl/android/hardware/weaver/IWeaver.aidl) that lets the secure element transition to a ready state ahead of an imminent read/write.
• HPKE JCA SPI (HpkeSpi). A public Service-Provider Interface for Hybrid Public Key Encryption lands at libcore/luni/src/main/java/android/crypto/hpke/HpkeSpi.java; Conscrypt registers ConscryptHpke.<suite> entries that bridge to it (external/conscrypt/.../AndroidHpkeSpi.java) and route to BoringSSL, exposing HPKE through the standard JCA provider mechanism.
• Hardware-wrapped storage keys via kernel ioctls. Metadata encryption gains a new wrapped-key format: system/vold/MetadataCrypt.cpp parses wrappedkey alongside the original wrappedkey_v0 fstab flag, and a KeyType enum (kRaw/kHwWrappedV0/kHwWrapped, system/extras/libfscrypt/include/fscrypt/fscrypt.h) drives prepareKeyForUse() so hardware-wrapped key material reaches the dm-default-key inline encryption engine without ever appearing in plaintext.
• Lock-screen lockout UX. LockPatternUtils.getLockoutEndTime(int) (frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/LockPatternUtils.java, backed by ILockSettings.aidl) returns when a throttled user may retry, and a new config_lockscreenLockoutShortlink string surfaces an account-recovery link in the lockout UI.
• SEPolicy memfd_class / memfd_file. When the kernel enables the memfd_class policy capability, memfd_create() descriptors are labeled with the new memfd_file SELinux class (system/sepolicy/private/security_classes) rather than generic file; Android 17 policy names memfd_file in its allow rules (domain.te, app.te), so devices must enable the capability to match shipped policy.
• PCC / Private Compute Core is granted keystore access in sepolicy ("Allow keystore operations from within PCC").
• Per-app Keystore key limit at API 37. keystore2 caps the number of keys a single UID may hold: a DEFAULT_PER_UID_KEY_LIMIT = 200_000 fallback for all apps and a tighter API_37_PER_UID_KEY_LIMIT = 50_000 for apps targeting Android 17 (system/security/keystore2/src/security_level.rs:79/82). Enforcement is gated by the limit_keys_per_uid aconfig flag (security_level.rs:563, checked at line 584); per-UID counts are surfaced for diagnostics via KEYS_PER_UID_MAX_UIDS/KEYS_PER_UID_MIN_KEY_COUNT (maintenance.rs:436). See Chapter 40, Section 40.10.10.

D.10 UI Framework

Between Android 16 and the Android 17 release branch the UI-framework repos saw their largest churn in the desktop-windowing path (Launcher3, 1978 commits), in the graphics stack (ANGLE promoted toward the default GLES driver, 1335 commits), and in the shared SystemUI/theming libraries.

New modules

frameworks/libs/systemui gained a standalone dynamiccolors Android library (frameworks/libs/systemui/dynamiccolors/Android.bp) carrying light and dark Material color resources (res/values/colors.xml, res/values-night/colors.xml) so the dynamic-color palette can be consumed without pulling in the whole Monet stack.

Launcher3's recents/overview is now built as a windowed surface rather than a full activity. The new com.android.quickstep.window package (quickstep/src/com/android/quickstep/window/RecentsWindowManager.kt, RecentsWindowContext.kt, RecentsWindowRootView.kt, RecentsWindowSwipeHandler.java, RecentsWindowTracker.kt) hosts Overview inside a WindowlessWindowManager / SurfaceControlViewHost, gated by RecentsWindowFlags, so Overview can coexist with freeform desktop windows on one display.

Architecture changes

Per-display taskbar. Taskbar state is no longer a single global; it is keyed per display through DisplayModel<PerDisplayTaskbarResource> (quickstep/src/com/android/quickstep/DisplayModel.kt, backed by a SparseArray and PerDisplayRepository). TaskbarManagerImpl (quickstep/src/com/android/launcher3/taskbar/TaskbarManagerImpl.java) holds an mPrimaryDisplayId plus an mResources DisplayModel, and creates/recreates a TaskbarActivityContext per display (getTaskbarForDisplay, recreateTaskbarForDisplay). Each PerDisplayTaskbarResource owns its own window context, config-change callback, and broadcast receivers, enabling an independent taskbar on external / connected displays in desktop mode.

Desktop windowing in Launcher. TaskbarDesktopModeController (quickstep/src/com/android/launcher3/taskbar/TaskbarDesktopModeController.kt) listens to DesktopVisibilityController and exposes display-scoped queries (isInDesktopMode(displayId)). TaskbarRecentAppsController.kt switches the taskbar's app row by mode: fullscreen shows most-recent tasks, desktop mode shows currently running tasks as GroupTasks. Desktop app launches route through dedicated remote transitions in the new com.android.launcher3.desktop package (DesktopAppLaunchTransitionManager.kt and siblings), and desktop mode resolves through DesktopStateProvider.kt, now gated by the platform android.window.DesktopExperienceFlags mechanism rather than ad-hoc Launcher flags.

Launcher3 desktop-windowing surface ownership

flowchart TD
    DM["DisplayModel&lt;PerDisplayTaskbarResource&gt;<br/>(SparseArray keyed by displayId)"]
    TM["TaskbarManagerImpl<br/>(per-display TaskbarActivityContext)"]
    DVC["DesktopVisibilityController"]
    TDC["TaskbarDesktopModeController"]
    RAC["TaskbarRecentAppsController<br/>(running apps in desktop mode)"]
    RWM["RecentsWindowManager<br/>(Overview in WindowlessWindowManager)"]
    DT["DesktopAppLaunch* transitions"]

    DM --> TM
    TM --> TDC
    DVC --> TDC
    TDC --> RAC
    TM --> RWM
    TDC --> DT

Multi-seed Material color scheme. ColorScheme (frameworks/libs/systemui/monet/src/com/android/systemui/monet/ColorScheme.java) now accepts a list of seed colors -- a private final List<Integer> mSeeds field, a ColorScheme(List<Integer> seeds, boolean isDark, ...) constructor and a getSeeds() accessor -- so a wallpaper can drive several palettes instead of one dominant seed.

Notable integrations

ANGLE as the default GLES driver. Android 17 ships the ANGLE (GLES-over-Vulkan) drivers in every base system image: base_system.mk unconditionally adds libEGL_angle, libGLESv1_CM_angle, and libGLESv2_angle to PRODUCT_PACKAGES (build/make/target/product/base_system.mk:493). A product can make ANGLE the default GLES implementation by inheriting angle_default.mk, which sets persist.graphics.egl=angle via PRODUCT_SYSTEM_EXT_PROPERTIES. With that property set, the platform EGL loader resolves libEGL/libGLESv2 to ANGLE instead of the vendor GL driver, so every GLES app runs through ANGLE's translator onto Vulkan -- one conformance-tested, driver-independent front end. (The 1335 ANGLE commits are an upstream refresh; only the build-time integration above is platform-visible.)

SurfaceFlinger RenderEngine moving to Vulkan/Graphite. The compositor side of the same Vulkan convergence. RenderEngine advances off GL through a flag ladder in frameworks/native/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags*.aconfig: vulkan_renderengine ("Use Vulkan backend in RenderEngine prior to switching to Graphite") selects GaneshVkRenderEngine, and graphite_renderengine / force_compile_graphite_renderengine plus the staged graphite_renderengine_preview_rollout, graphite_renderengine_preview2_rollout (new in 17), and graphite_renderengine_desktop_rollout flags -- each gated on a device-specific debug.renderengine.graphite*_optin sysprop -- enable Skia's Vulkan-only GraphiteVkRenderEngine. New-in-17 supporting machinery includes pipeline precompilation/warmup observability (skia/compat/PipelineCallbackHandler.{h,cpp}, Base64.{h,cpp}) and a per-context CacheManagementPolicy enum (SkiaRenderEngine.h) that stops purging GPU resources prematurely across the now-frequent protected/unprotected context switches. Ganesh (GL/Vulkan) remains the default; Graphite rolls out per device. See Chapter 13 (sections 13.9.2 and 13.43) for the full walkthrough.

Theme Service in the wallpaper/theming UI. WallpaperPicker2 now routes color-overlay application through the platform Theme Service, gated by the framework flag android.server.Flags.enableThemeService (packages/apps/WallpaperPicker2/src/com/android/wallpaper/config/BaseFlags.kt, isThemeServiceEnabled()), alongside desktop-form-factor work in the wallpaper carousel and named custom icon themes for the home screen.

D.11 System Apps

The front doors to Android 17's platform features land in two apps: Settings (2145 commits, the 2nd-largest app delta) and DocumentsUI (667 commits). Settings gains new feature dashboards (Supervision, desktop experience) and continues a large preference-framework migration; DocumentsUI gets a redesigned file-info experience, a search rebuild, and desktop/large-screen polish.

New modules

Settings: Supervision dashboard. The most significant new Settings surface in 17 is the parental-supervision area, a new package under src/com/android/settings/supervision/ (first commit 2025-01-21), built on the platform android.app.supervision.SupervisionManager and the new ROLE_SUPERVISION role. The landing page SupervisionDashboardScreen.kt exposes a primary on/off switch, a dynamically-built feature list, and a PIN-management entry point. Sub-areas:

• webcontentfilters/ — Safe Search / Safe Sites toggles plus per-app browser/search filter screens.
• appstorefilters/ — app-store content filtering (SupervisionAppStoreFiltersScreen.kt).
• credentialmanagement/ — supervision PIN setup/change/delete and recovery (SupervisionPinManagementScreen.kt, SupervisionPinRecoveryActivity.kt).
• ipc/ — a SupervisionMessengerClient plus request/response data classes letting a supervision client app inject preferences and supervised-app lists into the dashboard.

Setup/teardown uses dedicated activities (SetupSupervisionActivity.kt, EnableSupervisionActivity.kt, DisableSupervisionActivity.kt), gated behind android.app.supervision.flags.Flags (e.g. enableSupervisionSettingsUiUpdates).

Settings: desktop experience developer toggles. A new developer-options package src/com/android/settings/development/desktopexperience/ (first commit 2025-02-13) surfaces the desktop-windowing work: DesktopExperiencePreferenceController.java (master override_desktop_experience_features toggle backed by Settings.Global.DEVELOPMENT_OVERRIDE_DESKTOP_EXPERIENCE_FEATURES and android.window.DesktopModeFlags), plus DesktopModePreferenceController, DesktopModeSecondaryDisplayPreferenceController, FreeformWindowsPreferenceController — the front door for Connected Displays / desktop mode.

Architecture changes

Settings: continued Catalyst preference-screen migration. Screens are increasingly Kotlin classes annotated @ProvidePreferenceScreen implementing settingslib.metadata interfaces (PreferenceScreenMixin, PreferenceAvailabilityProvider, PreferenceLifecycleProvider) instead of XML + PreferenceController pairs. ~217 new *Screen.kt files were added since the 16 branch; ~233 files now reference @ProvidePreferenceScreen. The framework also feeds App Functions metadata, so each migrated screen doubles as a machine-readable surface for on-device agents.

DocumentsUI: feature gating consolidated in FlagUtils. Nearly every behavioral change is gated through a single src/com/android/documentsui/util/FlagUtils.kt (added this cycle), centralizing ~24 aconfig flags with dev overrides — the cleanest map of what changed: isUseMaterial3FlagEnabled, isSearchV2Enabled, isGetInfoDialogEnabled, isUsePeekPreviewFlagEnabled, isDesktopFileHandlingFlagEnabled, isDesktopUxPhase2FlagEnabled, isSingleClickToSelectEnabled, isTrashFlowEnabled, isUseApprovedDocumentHandlerEnabled, isMovingContentIntoPrivateSpaceEnabled, isUseLocalSearchProviderEnabled, and more. Several gates AND with isUseMaterial3FlagEnabled(), so the Material 3 redesign is the umbrella the rest hang off.

Notable integrations

DocumentsUI: "Get Info" / metadata redesign. A new src/com/android/documentsui/files/getinfo/ package (GetInfoDialogFragment.kt, GetInfoViewModel.kt, MetadataUtils.kt) and a peek/ package (PeekFragment.kt, PeekViewManager.kt, Metadata*SheetController.kt) add a rich file-details dialog and peek preview, flag-gated by isGetInfoDialogEnabled / isUsePeekPreviewFlagEnabled. A reactive summary column is driven by dirlist/SummaryProviderManager.kt and SummaryConsentFragment.kt.

DocumentsUI: Search V2. A rebuilt search stack under queries/ (SearchOptionsController.kt, SearchOptionsState.kt, FileTypeOption.kt, LastModifiedOption.kt, SearchLocationOption.kt) plus new loaders (loaders/SearchLoader.kt, loaders/QueryOptions.kt) provide filterable search by type/date/location and an optional local search provider (isUseLocalSearchProviderEnabled).

DocumentsUI: desktop / large-screen polish. A Kotlin rewrite of the sidebar into a RecyclerView nav rail (sidebar/RecyclerRootsAdapter.kt, RootsRecyclerViewHandler.kt) and a Kotlin breadcrumb stack (breadcrumbs/Breadcrumb{Controller,Model,View}.kt) support desktop UX phase 2, alongside single-click-to-select and drags from other apps.

DocumentsUI: approved document handlers & private space. A new approveddochandlers/ package (ApprovedDocHandlers.kt, ApprovedDocMenuController.kt, gated by isUseApprovedDocumentHandlerEnabled) governs which apps may open documents via signature-based trust. The picker also gains "move content into Private Space" (isMovingContentIntoPrivateSpaceEnabled) and a new picker/TrampolineActivity.kt / PickFilesFragment.kt.

Contact Picker privacy API. A new app-agnostic contacts picker (ACTION_PICK_CONTACTS, app packages/apps/ContactsPicker, provider packages/providers/ContactsProvider/.../picker/ContactsPickerSessionProvider.java) returns a short-lived session URI granting temporary read access only to the rows the user selected, so an app can ask for individual contacts without holding READ_CONTACTS.

SettingsIntelligence app. Settings search moves into a separate packages/apps/SettingsIntelligence APK (com.android.settings.intelligence) that owns the FTS search index (search_index.db) and suggestion ranking, indexing every SearchIndexablesProvider rather than only the Settings app.

Location privacy indicators. SystemUI reworks the location indicator into a distinct privacy chip behind android.location.flags.location_indicators_enabled (frameworks/base/location/java/android/location/flags/location.aconfig, consumed by frameworks/base/packages/SystemUI/.../privacy/), with a longer hold time and optional outline styling separate from the camera/microphone chips.

EyeDropper app. A new packages/apps/EyeDropper (com.android.eyedropper, gated by enable_eye_dropper_api) answers an OPEN_EYE_DROPPER intent with the ARGB value of a pixel the user taps, providing a system color picker any app can invoke.

D.12 AI & Devices

Android 17 pushes on-device AI deeper into the platform: a new NPU Manager mainline module arbitrating access to neural accelerators, a new PersonalContext system app building an on-device personal-context surface, and the first vendoring of the Khronos OpenXR SDK headers alongside a flag-gated Android XR API surface (covering both headsets and MicroXR glasses). CHRE grows a high-throughput data-flow subsystem for always-on sensing.

New projects

packages/modules/NpuManager is a new launched APEX (com.android.npumanager, min_sdk_version: 36) shipping its own module SDK in 17 (apex/Android.bp defines npumanager-module-sdk). It is gated by the RELEASE_NPUMANAGER_MODULE release flag and the npumanager_enabled aconfig flag (machine_learning namespace, flags/npumanager_flags.aconfig), and contributes both a bootclasspath fragment (framework-npumanager) and a systemserver fragment (service-npumanager). Details in "New modules" below.

packages/apps/PersonalContext (com.android.personalcontext) is a new privileged, platform-signed, product_specific system app (Android.bp PersonalContext_defaults: privileged: true, certificate: "platform") building an on-device personal-context layer that feeds assistant-style surfaces. Its AndroidManifest.xml declares ContextUnderstanderService implementations (ChatUnderstanderService, NotificationUnderstanderService, ContextMenuUnderstanderService under src/com/android/personalcontext/understander/) bound under android.service.personalcontext.UnderstanderService and guarded by BIND_CONTEXT_COMPONENT_SERVICE.

Its working components are tagged android:privateComputeCore and the app holds new PERSONAL_CONTEXT_* permissions (PUBLISH_INSIGHTS, READ_SETTINGS, RECEIVE_HINTS) plus USE_ON_DEVICE_INTELLIGENCE, so it runs inside the Private Compute Core sandbox and talks to on-device models rather than the network. Source subpackages (memorygeneration/, magicrecall/, magicactions/, appfunctions/, aicore/, AppSearch-backed storage/appsearch/) point to a personal-memory store driving recall and "magic action" suggestions, gated by the enable_osi aconfig master flag (personal_context namespace).

New modules

NpuManager multiplexes on-device neural accelerators across competing apps. The framework surface is the @SystemApi, @FlaggedApi-gated NpuManager class (Context.NPU_SERVICE) at framework/java/android/npumanager/NpuManager.java. Apps do not get raw NPU access; instead they ask permission to load a model and the service answers when it is advisable. The binder contract (framework/java/android/npumanager/INpuManagerService.aidl) is admission control plus memory management:

• canLoadModel, cancelModelLoad, notifyModelLoaded, notifyModelUnloaded, setPolicy
• createAllocator(INpuAllocatorCallback) returning an INpuAllocator.

The system-server side (service/java/com/android/server/npumanager/, NpuManagerService / NpuManagerServiceImpl) implements pluggable model loading policies behind the abstract NpuModelLoadingPolicy: BudgetModelLoadingPolicy (memory-budget arbitration keyed on KEY_MAX_BUDGET and coarse NpuModelSize buckets of <1GB / 1-2GB / >2GB), TurnTakingModelLoadingPolicy, StatusQuoModelLoadingPolicy, all backed by a PriorityManager. Native buffer management is Rust-based (service/jni/lib.rs, ndk/*.rs) and exposes a C NDK surface (ndk/include/android/npumanager/buffer.h) with an ANpuBuffer priority range of 0-1000.

The module is paired with a new vendor HAL, android.hardware.npu (hardware/interfaces/npu/, AIDL v1), through which NpuManager informs the NPU of per-app priorities and receives work callbacks (IScheduling, ISchedulingCallback, WorkInfo, StartReason, EndReason, SchedulingConfig).

NpuManager admission-control flow

flowchart LR
    App["App<br/>(NpuManager API)"] -->|"canLoadModel(request)"| Svc["NpuManagerServiceImpl<br/>(system server)"]
    Svc --> Policy["NpuModelLoadingPolicy<br/>(Budget | TurnTaking | StatusQuo)"]
    Policy --> Prio["PriorityManager"]
    Svc -->|"set priority / get WorkInfo"| HAL["android.hardware.npu HAL<br/>(IScheduling)"]
    HAL -.->|"ISchedulingCallback<br/>(StartReason/EndReason)"| Svc
    Svc -.->|"IModelLoadCallback<br/>(onCanLoadModel | onRequestUnloadModel)"| App
    Svc --> Alloc["INpuAllocator<br/>(Rust NDK ANpuBuffer)"]

Architecture changes

CHRE (system/chre, 536 commits) gains a new data-flow subsystem for high-throughput streaming between a single source and multiple sinks (nanoapps and other endpoints), using shared memory regions to minimise copies. The public API is chre_api/include/chre_api/chre/data_flow.h (events CHRE_EVENT_DATA_FLOW_CREATED, _SINK_CREATED, _ALERT, _SINK_CONFIGURE_DONE; calls like chreDataFlowSinkEnable()). Flows are keyed by source message-hub ID + data-flow ID, aligning with the endpoint/message-hub model; the reference implementation lives in system/chre/data_flow/ (shared-region core + host-side managers), and a new WakeupStatsManager centralises host wakeup attribution. Together these target low-power, always-on sensing and ML offload without waking the application processor.

packages/modules/OnDevicePersonalization was repackaged/moved in 17 and retains its Private Compute model: the framework + system service (framework/, systemservice/), a pluginlib/ sandbox, and a federatedcompute/ subtree for federated learning/analytics keeping personalization signals on-device.

Notable integrations

Android XR: API scaffolding only. external/openxr-sdk (Khronos OpenXR SDK, release-1.1.50) is newly vendored read-only: its Android.bp builds a single cc_library_headers { name: "openxr_headers" } over include/ — the OpenXR headers, with no loader and no in-tree consumer. The matching framework surface in frameworks/base/core/api/current.txt is equally inert: FEATURE_XR_API_OPENXR ("android.software.xr.api.openxr") and FEATURE_XR_API_SPATIAL; the FEATURE_XR_INPUT_* strings (controller, eye-tracking, hand-tracking); XrWindowProperties and its full-space vs home-space activity start modes; DisplayManager.DISPLAY_CATEGORY_XR_PROJECTED; and the dangerous body/environment-tracking permissions plus AppOps (EYE_TRACKING_COARSE/FINE, FACE_TRACKING, HAND_TRACKING, HEAD_TRACKING, SCENE_UNDERSTANDING_COARSE/FINE) are all @FlaggedApi-gated by the android.xr.xr_manifest_entries aconfig flag (core/java/android/content/pm/xr.aconfig), which is disabled by default. The framing is explicit: the runtime, compositor, OpenXR loader, and scene/spatial SDK are not in AOSP — vendor runtimes plus the off-tree Jetpack XR SDK supply them. The only behavioral XR code upstream is a headset-side recorder statsd atom (frameworks/proto_logging/stats/atoms/xr/recorder/, XrRecorderSessionStatusReported).

MicroXR: the XR-glasses peripheral class. Distinct from the headset surface, lightweight body-worn XR glasses ride a separate flag: com.android.microxr's xr_glasses_feature (frameworks/base/core/java/android/content/pm/glasses.aconfig, also default-off). It gates FEATURE_XR_PERIPHERAL (android.hardware.type.xr_peripheral), a device-class marker (peer of FEATURE_PC / FEATURE_WATCH) whose PackageManager javadoc defines an XR peripheral as a body-worn full-stack Android device with no user-installable apps that likely needs a companion device for interaction. Unlike the inert headset features, this marker is actually read in-tree: WiFi (WifiGlobals), Bluetooth audio (Util.isXrDevice()), and MediaProvider all branch on hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_XR_PERIPHERAL) to treat glasses as a constrained device class. Its glasses telemetry lives in frameworks/proto_logging/stats/atoms/microxr/ (MicroXrDonDoffStateChanged for donned/doffed wear state, MicroXrPhotoCaptured / MicroXrVideoCaptured for button- vs voice-triggered capture, MicroXrMcuCrashOccurred for a separate MCU). No MicroXR module, service, HAL, or device target ships in AOSP.

Health Connect (packages/modules/HealthFitness, 689 commits) is mostly incremental API/UX work: new bulk grantHealthPermissions / revokeHealthPermissions APIs, derivation of distance and calories from step data, reduced conversion layers in the Changelogs API, and continued build-out of cross-device "matchmaking" / device-data-provider flows (service/.../onboarding/matchmaking/, apk/src/.../controller/matchmaking/, .../newDevices/DeviceDataProvider*).

CompanionDeviceManager: device-trust and power-exemption processors. The CDM service grows two new processor packages in 17, both under frameworks/base/services/companion/java/com/android/server/companion/: devicetrust/ (TrustedDeviceProcessor, TrustedDeviceStore) for trusted-device key exchange, and powerexemption/ (CompanionExemptionProcessor, CompanionExemptionStore) for power and auto-revoke exemptions. The existing actionrequest/ processor (present since 16) gained additional result constants. The DEVICE_PROFILE_FITNESS_TRACKER / DEVICE_PROFILE_MEDICAL association profiles in AssociationRequest (frameworks/base/core/java/android/companion/AssociationRequest.java, flags FLAG_BAND_DEVICE_PROFILE / FLAG_ENABLE_MEDICAL_PROFILE) already shipped in Android 16, so they are not a 16-to-17 addition.

Handoff (Task Continuity): cross-device activity continuity. Android 17 adds the user-facing Handoff feature on top of the CDM transport. An activity opts in with Activity.setHandoffEnabled() and supplies resumable state through onHandoffActivityDataRequested() (frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/Activity.java:7789/10240), returning a HandoffActivityData -- a ComponentName plus a PersistableBundle of extras plus an optional web fallbackUri (HandoffActivityData.java:48). A new TaskContinuityManager system service (@SystemService(Context.TASK_CONTINUITY_SERVICE)) and its RemoteTask descriptors let a launcher surface tasks from paired devices; payloads travel as MESSAGE_ONEWAY_TASK_CONTINUITY (CompanionDeviceManager.java:361) over the secure CDM channel between two real, user-owned devices. Gated by the task_continuity aconfig flag (frameworks/base/core/java/android/companion/flags.aconfig:69, namespace companion) / CompanionDeviceManager.FLAG_TASK_CONTINUITY. See Chapter 52, Sections 52.3.9-52.3.11.

D.13 Infrastructure

Android 17's build and virtualization plumbing moved on two fronts. The Soong build system grew a first-class machine-readable "API/compliance" database and continued migrating off Kati-era Make logic, while AVF (the Android Virtualization Framework) turned protected VMs into a multi-tenant, Trusty-capable platform. A new top-level tools/mainline repository carries the open-source mainline-train build tooling.

New projects

tools/mainline (mainline-train build tooling). Android 17 adds a new top-level repository for assembling mainline "trains" (the bundles of APEX/APK modules shipped as a unit). Its train_build/ directory is a set of Python host binaries and libraries (tools/mainline/train_build/Android.bp) implementing the steps that turn per-module artifacts into a signed, versioned train:

• trim_action.py strips a bundled APEX down to the architectures a target needs, mapping module ABIs onto DCLA arch sets (DCLA_ARCH_BY_MODULE_ARCH).
• dcla_build_action.py builds the shared "DCLA" library APEX (com.google.mainline.primary.libs / ...go.primary.libs) that dedupes common native libs across modules (BIG_ANDROID_DCLA/GO_DCLA).
• versioning_action.py bumps module version codes; pack_action.py packs the result.
• generic_train_build_action.py and primary_train_build_action.py are the orchestrators, modelling each train as a TrainBuildSpec and dispatching by TrainType (TELEMETRY, ADSERVICES, NPU, NONUPDATABLE, TIMEZONE, PRELOAD, Go variants).

Most legacy mock data and proprietary scripts moved out to vendor/google/train_build; what remains in AOSP is the reusable trim/DCLA/versioning/pack machinery plus host unit tests.

New modules

cipd_package (build/soong/android/cipd/cipd_package.go). A new Soong module type fetching a prebuilt from CIPD (Chrome Infrastructure Package Deployment) at build time, publishing a CipdPackageInfoProvider carrying the full package name and pinned version. A bounded cipdPool (depth 8) limits concurrent fetches. Many prebuilt_* module types now record their CIPD source so it flows into compliance metadata.

android_filesystem_prebuilt (build/soong/filesystem/prebuilt.go). A generic prebuilt-image module wrapping an existing system image file (Src) in the normal filesystem machinery, so a vendor-supplied partition image participates in packaging/AVB like a Soong-built one.

trusty_vm_signing_tool (packages/modules/Virtualization/guest/trusty/tools/Android.bp). A new Rust host tool that signs Trusty pVM payloads for pvmfw.

Architecture changes

Soong API / compliance database (soong_api). The biggest build-system change is a new singleton soong_api_db (build/soong/soong_api/soong_api.go) that walks every module proxy and emits a per-module SoongApiModuleRecord (identity/type, install/built files, license metadata, trendy_team_id, Java/CC/Rust dependency edges, CIPD source), exporting soong_api.json/.zip and a SQLite soong_api.db under out/soong/soong_api/<product>/. It succeeds the older metadata.db/metadata_db_loader family and underpins SBOM/provenance generation, replacing the removed native-gRPC query path.

The pipeline below shows how module providers feed the database that downstream SBOM/compliance tooling consumes.

Soong API database collection and export pipeline

flowchart TD
    MODS["All module proxies<br/>(VisitAllModuleProxies)"] --> SING["soong_api_db singleton"]
    PROV["CommonModuleInfoProvider<br/>+ CipdPackageInfoProvider<br/>+ license/team providers"] --> SING
    SING -->|"one SoongApiModuleRecord<br/>per module"| EXP["exportRecords()"]
    EXP --> JSON["soong_api.json"]
    EXP --> ZIP["soong_api.zip"]
    EXP --> DB["soong_api.db<br/>(SQLite)"]
    DB --> SBOM["SBOM / compliance<br/>+ provenance"]

Partial analysis and on-demand variants. Soong gained an opt-in SOONG_PARTIAL_ANALYSIS env var (build/soong/ui/build/config.go) restricting the analysis graph to a named target set and its transitive closure. Blueprint added a PrePartial() mutator group running before partial analysis (build/blueprint/context.go) and a "passive" moduleGroup flag for module groups not yet in the build graph. The variant system shifted toward "variants on demand" (VoD): rather than eagerly splitting every os/arch/image variant, Blueprint creates and mutates dependency variants lazily via createVariantOnDemand/searchOnDemandVariant. Several eager-split paths (test module types, PRODUCT_HOST_PACKAGES, vndk_prebuilt_library) were retained for correctness during the transition.

Release-config maturity. The Make-era release-config logic now lives entirely under Soong (build/soong/cmd/release_config/), and naming is enforced: maps must be named release_config_map.textproto (.../release_config_lib/release_configs.go). build/make's 871 new vs 154 dropped commits are largely build-ID bumps plus removal of legacy product entries, winding down the Kati path.

Android Canary release channel. Alongside the build changes, the release process gains a continuous Canary channel: rolling builds cut from the trunk-stable tree are published to testers continuously, replacing the periodic Developer Preview drops. The CANARY codename maps to API level 10000 (build/soong/android/api_levels.go); source builds still use the trunk_staging release config.

Notable integrations

AVF multitenancy. From Android 26Q2, a single protected VM can host multiple mutually isolated tenants (packages/modules/Virtualization/docs/multitenancy.md). The VM owner ships a signed TenancyConfig (a JSON payload config inside the APK, set via VirtualMachineConfig#setPayloadConfigPath) declaring each tenant's package, a unique uid in [10000, 65534], a min_version, and an expected_authority map of per-build-flavor signing hashes. virtmgr validates each tenant's authority against the OS signing status and reflects it in the pVM's DICE certificates; per-tenant cgroup and SELinux domains isolate tenants, and unmatched payloads are discarded.

Trusty as a pVM. Trusty OS now runs as an AVF-managed protected VM (packages/modules/Virtualization/guest/trusty/docs/trusty_vm.md). The Trusty kernel gained virtio-vsock over PCI for host/VM IPC, virtio-vsock over virtio-msg over FF-A for host-opaque channels into a secure-world TEE, device-tree parsing of the crosvm-generated DT (including the pvmfw DICE region), PSCI CPU on/off, and ARM TRNG entropy. The payload is built, signed (via the new trusty_vm_signing_tool), and packaged for pvmfw through Soong genrules, producing the security_vm/test_vm images under .../guest/trusty/.

Linux/Terminal VM in-guest agent and pVM TEE services. AVF adds linux_vm_manager, an in-guest Rust agent for the Linux/Terminal VM (packages/modules/Virtualization/guest/linux_vm_manager/) that connects back to the host over vsock (src/main.rs) and registers an IGuestAgent binder whose handlers (e.g. shutdownAsync) live in src/guest_agent.rs. The libavf LLNDK also exposes AVirtualMachineRawConfig_addTeeService (libs/libavf/include/android/virtualization.h, introduced=37), letting a protected VM declare TrustZone/TEE services it may reach.

D.14 Device Support

Android 17's marquee device-support change is the Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) platform. Rather than a single repo, SDV arrives as a new top-level tree (system/software_defined_vehicle/) plus a reference device (device/google/sdv), a new HAL interface package (hardware/sdv/interfaces), and an automotive display-safety service (packages/services/display_safety). The model is a headless vehicle Android OS: SDV "Core" runs vehicle services in their own VM with no UI, communicating with one or more AAOS In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) VMs and non-Android automotive ECUs over SOME/IP.

New projects

manifest-snapshots/_compare/android-16.0.0_r4-to-android17-release/added-removed.txt lists 84 ADDED projects; the SDV cluster is the bulk:

• 16 new system/software_defined_vehicle/* repos: middleware, orchestration, some_ip, vsidl, telemetry, update_manager, sdv_gateway, lifecycle_management, health_monitor, service_bundles_registry, automotive_services, platform, common, samples, tools, vpm.
• device/google/sdv (sha f4bfa128, groups swcar, pdk) — the reference device with all SDV lunch targets.
• device/google/sdv_display_safety (sha 0971a467) — display-safety product overlays.
• hardware/sdv/interfaces — the new SDV HAL/AIDL contract package.
• packages/services/display_safety — the automotive display-safety ("HARry") service.

packages/services/Car (Android Automotive CarService) is a moved/extended existing repo (561 commits), not a new project.

New modules

From device/google/sdv/sdv_core_base/sdv_packages_core_services.mk, an SDV Core VM installs these agents and APEXes:

• Communication stack (middleware/): sdv_sd_agent (Service Discovery), dt_agent (Data Tunnel pub/sub, com.android.sdv.dt), rpcagent (middleware/rpc_agent); shared client library libsdv_comms (middleware/sdv_comms) over wire_format and transport (Rust).
• Lifecycle & orchestration: sdv_lifecycle_agent, lifecycle_service_bundle_runner, sdv_orchestration_agent (com.android.sdv.orchestrator), sdv_service_bundles_registry_agent — the orchestrator drives bundle lifecycle from orch_config.textproto.
• VSIDL toolchain (host): vsidlc, vsidl_rc_generator, someip_translation_generator; on-device sdv_vsidl_provider_agent.
• SOME/IP: sdv_someip_stack_agent + vsomeip_config.json, sdv_someip_broker_agent_comms.
• Platform/ops: sdv_health_monitor, sdv_update_manager_agent, sdv_diagnostics_agent, vepsm (vehicle power-state manager).

hardware/sdv/interfaces defines the stable AIDL surface: ISdvGateway/ISdvGatewaySession (sdv_gateway/google/sdv/gateway/), IRpcAgent (middleware/rpc/), IRegistry (service_bundles_registry/, API v3 under aidl_api/), lifecycle IService/IServiceManager, the vehicle-power-manager AIDL, and privileged Service-Discovery / identity agents.

packages/services/display_safety is a Rust workspace (root Cargo.toml) implementing the HARry Driver-UI runtime: framework/ (Impeller graphics, audio, layout, monitoring), reference/ (harry-app, safety-monitor, ADAS visualization), and service/har-sdv-service whose libhar_sdv_service_bundle publishes vehicle data and serves the Driver UI over gRPC through the middleware.

Architecture changes

The SDV stack layers a vehicle-service fabric beneath (and beside) AAOS. The new tree provides the communication middleware and agents; device/google/sdv composes them into lunch targets; hardware/sdv/interfaces defines the contracts; CarService and the IVI VM consume them through the gateway.

Lunch-target composition (device/google/sdv/AndroidProducts.mk, README.md): OEM products inherit from one SDV "base" plus a vendor target. The bases are sdv_base (comm stack only), sdv_core_base (full SDV Core services), sdv_media_base (Core + media APIs), and sdv_ivi_base (an AAOS IVI talking to SDV services on other VMs). Sample targets sdv_core_cf, sdv_media_cf, sdv_ivi_cf (Cuttlefish) and their *_arm64 peers boot multiple VM instances (cvd_config_sdv_core_instance{1,2,3}.json).

VSIDL → generated Rust. Services are described in .vsidl service-bundle definitions plus .proto message schemas in a catalog. vsidlc (vsidl/vsidlc) walks the catalog and emits Rust middleware bindings into generated_rs/; someip_translation_generator emits SOME/IP↔proto translation code for messages tagged INTERPRET_AS_BYTES (static) or DYNAMIC_LIBRARY (dynamic). This is the SDV equivalent of AIDL stub generation.

Vehicle-service interface layers. Inside a VM, the comm stack splits into Service Discovery, Data Tunnel (named pub/sub topics), and RPC (IRpcAgent). Cross-VM and cross-ECU traffic goes over SOME/IP via the SOME/IP stack agent and broker-agent-comms layer, with vsomeip as transport. Non-SDV-aware native/Java apps reach the fabric through the SDV Gateway (sdv_gateway/): the gateway's vhal_proxy (libvhal_proxy) lets a VHAL service call initComms and publish vehicle properties, gated by sdv_gateway_config.json (/vendor/etc/sdv_gateway_config.json) which allowlists SDV package names per process UID. SDV-RPC traffic rides a dedicated VLAN (androidboot.sdv.rpc.interface, default sdv_rpc).

Display safety. On the IVI side, packages/services/display_safety runs the HARry Driver-UI as an SDV service bundle (har-sdv-service) with a safety-monitor enforcing distraction/safety constraints. The window migrated the ADAS framework crates and DriverUI SEPolicy into this repo, and ships com.google.display_safety.har.apex only for SDV builds.

The stack:

%% SDV stack: Core VM services, comm fabric, SOME/IP, and the IVI VM with display safety
graph TB
    subgraph CoreVM["SDV Core VM (headless)"]
        ORCH["Orchestration agent<br/>(orch_config.textproto)"]
        LCM["Lifecycle Manager<br/>+ bundle runner"]
        REG["Service Bundles Registry<br/>(IRegistry)"]
        HM["Health Monitor"]
        UM["Update Manager"]
        TEL["Telemetry"]
        BUNDLE["Service bundles<br/>(VSIDL generated_rs)"]
    end

    subgraph Comm["SDV middleware comm stack"]
        SD["Service Discovery<br/>(sd_agent)"]
        DT["Data Tunnel<br/>(pub/sub)"]
        RPC["RPC agent<br/>(IRpcAgent)"]
    end

    subgraph Wire["Cross-VM / cross-ECU"]
        SOMEIP["SOME/IP stack agent<br/>+ broker (vsomeip)"]
        ECU["External ECUs<br/>(non-Android)"]
    end

    subgraph IVI["AAOS IVI VM"]
        GW["SDV Gateway<br/>(ISdvGateway + vhal_proxy)"]
        VHAL["Vehicle HAL<br/>(sdv-emulator-service)"]
        CAR["CarService<br/>(packages/services/Car)"]
        DS["Display Safety / HARry<br/>(har-sdv-service)"]
    end

    ORCH --> LCM
    LCM --> BUNDLE
    REG --- ORCH
    BUNDLE --> SD
    BUNDLE --> DT
    BUNDLE --> RPC
    HM -.heartbeats.-> BUNDLE
    SD --> SOMEIP
    DT --> SOMEIP
    RPC --> SOMEIP
    SOMEIP <--> ECU
    GW --> RPC
    GW --> DT
    VHAL --> GW
    CAR --> VHAL
    DS --> GW
    UM -.OTA.-> BUNDLE
    TEL -.metrics.-> DT

Notable integrations

• CarService ↔ SDV. packages/services/Car (moved repo, 561 commits) gained the Driver-UI plumbing the IVI side needs: com.android.car.driverui privapp permissions and ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK default-grant, plus SDV linters. The IVI lunch target wires a Vehicle HAL specifically for SDV: LOCAL_VHAL_PRODUCT_PACKAGE := android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@V1-sdv-emulator-service (device/google/sdv/sdv_ivi_cf/sdv_ivi_cf.mk), so CarService talks to vehicle properties ultimately served by SDV Core through the gateway.
• AIDL relocation into hardware/sdv/interfaces. Several interface sets moved out of system/ into the new HAL package: the SDV Gateway interfaces, the Service Bundles Registry AIDL, vpm stable AIDL, and (after a revert) the Telemetry AIDL. This makes the SDV hardware contract a versioned, VINTF-stable surface independent of the agent implementations.
• VHAL proxy bridge & OEM/PDK. sdv_gateway/vhal_proxy (libvhal_proxy, config_loader) lets an unmodified VHAL join the SDV fabric under an allowlisted SDV package name. The reference device supports a custom /oem_ab partition (sdv_core_base/oem_ab/) for OEM service bundles, and Core targets are PDK-buildable (SDV KeyMint is force-added because the PDK is tested without system/software_defined_vehicle/ sources).
• Security model. VM-level permissions are an APEX with id com.oem.sdv.authz (reference com.oem.sdv.authz.allow_all.{core,ivi}); the gateway config additionally restricts native clients by UID, and the middleware ships crypto_rpc and service_authz for authenticated RPC.
• Large-screen app-compat RRO knobs. New runtime-overlayable config booleans tune large-screen/foldable behavior: config_isCameraCompatSimulateRequestedOrientationTreatmentEnabled (and the landscape variant) drive camera-compat letterboxing through AppCompatCameraSimReqOrientationPolicy (frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/wm/AppCompatConfiguration.java), and config_enableSelfKillRecoveryBetweenInternalDisplays (frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml) lets an app that self-finishes during a fold transition be relaunched to preserve its session.

D.15 Practical

Practical dev/test tooling moved modestly: Cuttlefish (290 commits) gained a new desktop product, a unified VKMS controller, an NPU HAL, and AiSeal wiring, while Traceur added two Perfetto trace categories.

New projects

vsoc_x86_64_only/desktop/ is a new Cuttlefish product, aosp_cf_x86_64_desktop (registered in AndroidProducts.mk:40), targeting the Android Desktop form factor. It is HSUM-only (PRODUCT_USE_HSUM := true), 64-bit only, uses dynamic partitions with lz4 virtual-AB compression, and ships a desktop_init_dev_config service picking APEX/device config at first boot (shared/desktop/common.mk). The product turns on verity+encryption by default and enables Trusty gatekeeper/keymint plus pvmfw-cf (vsoc_x86_64_only/desktop/desktop.mk).

New modules

• guest/commands/vkms_controller/ is a new guest-side binary for Virtual Kernel Mode Setting (main.cpp). It consolidates fragmented VKMS logic so the host CLI is a stateless adb shell vkms_controller ... proxy, test frameworks share one setup path, and the guest correlates virtual hardware (ConfigFS indices) to SurfaceFlinger display IDs. Ships as a vendor cc_binary (guest/commands/vkms_controller/Android.bp).
• NPU support: shared/device.mk:489 installs the com.android.hardware.npu.cf HAL APEX and copies android.hardware.npu.xml as a vendor feature permission, advertising the new NPU HAL surface on virtual devices.

Architecture changes

• AiSeal (on-device AI sealing) is now wired for Cuttlefish via shared/aiseal/device_vendor.mk, gated on RELEASE_AISEAL_FRAMEWORK and optionally AppSearch. Because Cuttlefish has no protected-VM support, it forces service.aiseal.protected_vm=0 and runs AiSeal in a nonprotected VM; aosp_cf_x86_64_only_phone opts into the feature.
• Host tooling cleanup: the acloud translator was deleted from the Cuttlefish host package, and cvd-host-package is now built sandboxed (Sbox) with incremental-walk dependency tracking, tightening reproducibility of the developer host tarball.
• Variant breadth is unchanged in count but reaffirmed across all four minidroid targets (vsoc_{arm64,arm,riscv64,x86_64}_minidroid) plus the page-size-agnostic vsoc_x86_64_pgagnostic / vsoc_arm64_pgagnostic products used to validate 16 KB-page builds.

Notable integrations

Traceur adds two Perfetto trace categories developers can toggle in the system tracing UI (src_common/com/android/traceur/TraceUtils.java:127):

• wattson ("Wattson power estimation"): when enabled, Traceur emits a minimum Perfetto config with linux.sys_stats (cpufreq/cpuidle polling) and a linux.ftrace block capturing CPU-hotplug, devfreq, cpu_frequency/idle, suspend_resume, and sched_switch events (src_common/com/android/traceur/PerfettoUtils.java:821).
• mq ("messagequeue tracing"): enables the mq track_event category for Looper/MessageQueue dispatch tracing (src_common/com/android/traceur/PerfettoUtils.java:851).

Traceur also bumped targetSdk to 36, enabled R8 bytecode optimization, and removed the dead bitmaps_in_traceur flag and the WinscopeUtils/view-capture path.

DeviceDiagnostics (packages/apps/DeviceDiagnostics, package com.android.devicediagnostics) is the hardware-health and trade-in app behind Settings > Reset options > Device Diagnostics: component checks (screen, touch, battery, storage, sensors, hinge) collect a DeviceReport protobuf carrying a key-attestation chain, and the separate tradeinmode/ component gates adbd on persist.adb.tradeinmode so a partner can read the attested report over adb without unlocking.

D.16 Key Source Files Reference

Part	Key files
Kernel & Boot	system/usb/aoa/{aidl/.../IUsbAoa.aidl, daemon/main.cpp, daemon/VendorControlRequestMonitor.h, daemon/aoad.rc}; system/core/init/first_stage_mount_android.cpp; system/update_engine/update_metadata.proto:385; kernel/configs (android17-6.18)
Native Foundation	hardware/interfaces/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202704.xml; hardware/interfaces/{motioncontext,npu,security/see}/aidl/; frameworks/libs/binary_translation/cpu_emulation/; system/tools/aidl/aidl_language.cpp
Native Services & Media	frameworks/av/media/module/libapexcodecs/include/apex/ApexCodecs.h; frameworks/native/libs/gui/include/gui/RenderCommandBufferProducer.h; frameworks/native/services/surfaceflinger/RenderResourceCache.{h,cpp}; frameworks/native/libs/binder/BinderNetlink.cpp; system/media/camera/include/system/camera_metadata_tags.h
Runtime	system/zygote/{Android.bp, zygote/src/species.rs, zygote/src/species/android_native.rs, zygote-messages/schemas/messages.fbs}; art/runtime/arch/x86/instruction_set_features_x86.cc; art/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h; system/apex/apexd/apexd.cpp
Framework Core	frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Build.java; .../services/core/.../advancedprotection/AdvancedProtectionService.java; .../services/supervision/.../SupervisionService.java; .../libs/WindowManager/Shell/.../desktopmode/; packages/modules/SdkExtensions/derive_sdk/derive_sdk.cpp
Framework Services	system/memory/mmd/{src/main.rs, aidl/android/os/IMmd.aidl, src/service.rs, src/zram/per_process_ioctls.rs, src/atom.rs}; packages/modules/{UprobeStats,Profiling}/apex/Android.bp; packages/modules/StatsD/statsd/src/main.cpp
Connectivity	hardware/nxp/uwb/aidl/{uwb_chip.cpp, nxp-uwb-service.rc}; packages/modules/Uwb/ranging/{framework/.../RangingManager.java, service/.../RangingTechnology.java}; packages/modules/Wifi/.../usd/UsdManager.java; system/gd/hci/distance_measurement_manager_impl.cc
Security	system/lfi/{boxrt/boxrt_minimal.c, allocator/alloc.c, relocator/relocate.c, Android.bp}; frameworks/av/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp:1909; system/weaver/{ta/src/lib.rs, hal/src/lib.rs}; system/see/authmgr/authmgr-fe/src/authorization.rs; external/keyattestation/{Android.bp, roots.json}; system/keymint; system/sepolicy accessor service contexts
UI Framework	frameworks/libs/systemui/dynamiccolors/Android.bp; quickstep/src/com/android/quickstep/{window/RecentsWindowManager.kt, DisplayModel.kt}; .../launcher3/taskbar/TaskbarManagerImpl.java; frameworks/libs/systemui/monet/.../ColorScheme.java; build/make/target/product/{base_system.mk:493, angle_default.mk}
System Apps	packages/apps/Settings/src/com/android/settings/{supervision/SupervisionDashboardScreen.kt, development/desktopexperience/}; packages/apps/DocumentsUI/src/com/android/documentsui/{util/FlagUtils.kt, files/getinfo/, queries/}
AI & Devices	packages/modules/NpuManager/{apex/Android.bp, framework/.../NpuManager.java, service/.../NpuManagerServiceImpl, ndk/include/android/npumanager/buffer.h}; packages/apps/PersonalContext/AndroidManifest.xml; system/chre/{chre_api/include/chre_api/chre/data_flow.h, data_flow/}; external/openxr-sdk
Infrastructure	tools/mainline/train_build/{Android.bp, primary_train_build_action.py}; build/soong/{soong_api/soong_api.go, android/cipd/cipd_package.go, filesystem/prebuilt.go}; packages/modules/Virtualization/{docs/multitenancy.md, guest/trusty/docs/trusty_vm.md, guest/trusty/tools/Android.bp}
Device Support (SDV)	system/software_defined_vehicle/* (16 repos: middleware, orchestration, some_ip, vsidl, sdv_gateway, …); device/google/sdv/{AndroidProducts.mk, sdv_core_base/sdv_packages_core_services.mk, sdv_ivi_cf/sdv_ivi_cf.mk}; hardware/sdv/interfaces; packages/services/display_safety; packages/services/Car
Practical	device/google/cuttlefish/vsoc_x86_64_only/desktop/desktop.mk; device/google/cuttlefish/guest/commands/vkms_controller/main.cpp; device/google/cuttlefish/shared/aiseal/device_vendor.mk; .../traceur/{TraceUtils.java, PerfettoUtils.java}